Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises an enzyme layer, wherein the enzyme layer comprises an enzyme and a polymer comprising polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The enzyme layer protects the enzyme and prevents it from leaching from the sensing membrane into a host or deactivating.

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises an enzyme layer, wherein the enzyme layer comprises an enzyme and a polymer comprising polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The enzyme layer protects the enzyme and prevents it from leaching from the sensing membrane into a host or deactivating.

Provided are methods and devices useful for treating a respiratory disease or disorder involving the central or upper airways. The methods and devices deliver to central or upper airways of a subject a vapor or aerosol comprising an effective amount of an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of menthol, menthone, neomenthol, isomenthol, and menthofuran. The methods are useful for treating conditions including cough, asthma, bronchitis, and allergic rhinitis.

Provided are methods and devices useful for treating a respiratory disease or disorder involving the central or upper airways. The methods and devices deliver to central or upper airways of a subject a vapor or aerosol comprising an effective amount of an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of menthol, menthone, neomenthol, isomenthol, and menthofuran. The methods are useful for treating conditions including cough, asthma, bronchitis, and allergic rhinitis.

The present invention is a method and composition for the treatment of skin conditions where the epidermal barrier has decreased function such as when the patient is suffering from eczema, in particular, Atopic Dermatitis. Epidermal barrier function can be significantly improved and the extraction of epidermal lipids can be reduced by using formulations containing high Krafft temperature surfactants, preferably, anionic surfactants.

Disclosed are methods of treating malaria with tetrahydrobenzonaphtyridine carboxanilide (TBN) derivatives and related pyrrolinones and hydrolysis products thereof. These compounds are active against Plasmodium falciparum strains that are resistant to multiple drugs currently on the market. The present invention further relates to novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds.

Disclosed are methods of treating malaria with tetrahydrobenzonaphtyridine carboxanilide (TBN) derivatives and related pyrrolinones and hydrolysis products thereof. These compounds are active against Plasmodium falciparum strains that are resistant to multiple drugs currently on the market. The present invention further relates to novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds.

The use of menthol or an isomer thereof for preparation of a topical composition to improve neurodegenerative diseases and stroke wherein the neurodegenerative diseases are attributed to cerebral neurons impaired or degenerated, shortage of dopamine in a brain. The topical composition is manufactured as patches, liquids, pastes, oily substances, powders, gels, sprays, composite products or other products to be covered on limbs and applied on skin. A product to be covered on limbs can be a glove, a foot muff, a sock or an extended part or a layered object from a garment for continuous contact between skin and menthol. The present invention also provides the use of menthol or an isomer thereof for preparation of a topical composition to improve diseases or symptoms attributed to cerebral neurons impaired or degenerated, shortage of dopamine or stroke.

The use of menthol or an isomer thereof for preparation of a topical composition to improve neurodegenerative diseases and stroke wherein the neurodegenerative diseases are attributed to cerebral neurons impaired or degenerated, shortage of dopamine in a brain. The topical composition is manufactured as patches, liquids, pastes, oily substances, powders, gels, sprays, composite products or other products to be covered on limbs and applied on skin. A product to be covered on limbs can be a glove, a foot muff, a sock or an extended part or a layered object from a garment for continuous contact between skin and menthol. The present invention also provides the use of menthol or an isomer thereof for preparation of a topical composition to improve diseases or symptoms attributed to cerebral neurons impaired or degenerated, shortage of dopamine or stroke.

An object of the present invention is to provide is a novel composition and others. The composition comprises l-menthol and at least one ingredient (X) selected from dicarboxylic acid esters, diol esters, monocarboxylic acid esters, esters of polyols having three or more hydroxy groups, esters of polycarboxylic acids having three or more carboxyl groups, polyol ethers, polyamines, and alcohols having six or more carbon atoms.