A printed metallic part is provided. The alloy has the composition of Fe at 69.2 wt. % to 89.1 wt. %; Cr at 7.25 wt. % to 16.0 wt. %; Nb at 0.01 wt. % to 10.0 wt. %; Mo at 0.5 wt. % to 4.0 wt. %. C at 0.03 wt. % to 0.4 wt. % and optionally one or more of Ni, Cu, Si, W, Mn, N and B. The printed metallic part has a tensile strength of at least 1300 MPa, a yield strength of at least 700 MPa, an elongation of at least 4.0%, and a hardness of at least 45 HRC.

A three-dimensional shaping device includes: a stage having a shaping surface on which a shaping material is to be stacked; a dispensing unit configured to dispense the shaping material toward a shaping region on the shaping surface; a position changing unit configured to change a relative position between the dispensing unit and the stage; a first heating unit configured such that a relative position between the first heating unit and the stage changes together with the dispensing unit, configured to cover the shaping region at a position facing the shaping surface when viewed along a stacking direction of the shaping material, and configured to heat the shaping material stacked in the shaping region; and a control unit configured to control the dispensing unit, the first heating unit, and the position changing unit to stack layers of the shaping material in the shaping region and to shape a three-dimensional shaped object. The control unit controls the first heating unit based on a facing distance indicating a distance between the stage and the first heating unit in the stacking direction when the three-dimensional shaped object is shaped.

A three-dimensional shaping device includes: a stage having a shaping surface on which a shaping material is to be stacked; a dispensing unit configured to dispense the shaping material toward a shaping region on the shaping surface; a position changing unit configured to change a relative position between the dispensing unit and the stage; a first heating unit configured such that a relative position between the first heating unit and the stage changes together with the dispensing unit, configured to cover the shaping region at a position facing the shaping surface when viewed along a stacking direction of the shaping material, and configured to heat the shaping material stacked in the shaping region; and a control unit configured to control the dispensing unit, the first heating unit, and the position changing unit to stack layers of the shaping material in the shaping region and to shape a three-dimensional shaped object. The control unit controls the first heating unit based on a facing distance indicating a distance between the stage and the first heating unit in the stacking direction when the three-dimensional shaped object is shaped.

In an example, a method includes measuring a temperature of a plurality of regions of a layer of build material in an additive manufacturing apparatus to provide initial temperature values. For each of a plurality of regions which comprise build material which is intended to fuse, an average temperature value of a plurality of neighbouring regions may be determined and the initial temperature values may be replaced with the average temperature value. Based on the replacement temperature values, a representative temperature of an area of the layer of build material may be determined and a heat source may be controlled based on the representative temperature.

An additive manufacturing system including a two-dimensional energy patterning system for imaging a powder bed is disclosed. Improved structure formation, part creation and manipulation, use of multiple additive manufacturing systems, and high throughput manufacturing methods suitable for automated or semi-automated factories are also disclosed.

Disclosed is 3D printer that may precisely irradiate a laser to a spot where the laser is to be irradiated so that a precise three-dimensional product may be output, and prevent a temperature deviation from occurring inside a case including a product forming chamber to improve the quality of the output product, and increase the durability of the output product by enhancing the binding force between powder and powder applied to an output bed and maximizing the melting of the powder.

Disclosed is 3D printer that may precisely irradiate a laser to a spot where the laser is to be irradiated so that a precise three-dimensional product may be output, and prevent a temperature deviation from occurring inside a case including a product forming chamber to improve the quality of the output product, and increase the durability of the output product by enhancing the binding force between powder and powder applied to an output bed and maximizing the melting of the powder.

Exemplified microscale selective laser sintering (μ-SLS or micro-SLS) systems and methods facilitate modeling of the nanoparticle powder bed by simulating the interactions between particles during the powder spreading operation. In particular, the exemplified methods and system use multiscale modeling techniques to accurately predict the formation and mechanical/electrical properties of parts produced by selective laser sintering of powder beds. Discrete element modeling is used for nanoscale particle interactions by implementing the different forces dominant at nanoscale. A heat transfer analysis is used to predict the sintering of individual particles in the powder beds in order to build up a complete structural model of the parts that are being produced by the SLS process.

An apparatus may, in an example, include a build platform to receive a dose of build material and a build material spreader to spread the dose of build material over a length of the build platform wherein lateral portions of the build material spreader have a diameter smaller than a medial portion of the build material spreader.

Build cylinder arrangements for machines for the layered production of three-dimensional objects by sintering or melting with a high-energy beam, of powdered material, are disclosed and have a base member and a piston that can be moved on an inner side of the base member along a central axis of the base member. The piston has at its upper side a substrate for building a three-dimensional object, and on the piston is a seal in abutment with the inner side of the base member for sealing the powdered material. The seal is a circumferential fiber metal seal of metal fibers that are pressed together and the pressed metal fibers are arranged with resilient compression stress between the piston and the inner side of the base member.