The invention provides a method for producing a 3D printed item (1) by means of fused deposition modelling, wherein the 3D printed item (1) comprises a plurality of layers (322) of 3D printed material (202), comprising a layer part (1322) with a 3D printed shell material (1302) at least partially surrounding a 3D printed core material (1202), wherein the method comprises layer-wise depositing a 3D printable material (201) comprising a 3D printable core material (1201) and a 3D printable shell material (1301), and wherein:the 3D printable core material (1201) comprises one or more of metal particles (260) and a metal wire (270), and the 3D printable shell material (1301) comprises wood particles (250), orthe 3D printable core material (1201) comprises wood particles (250), and the 3D printable shell material (1301) comprises inorganic material particles (280) selected from the group of glass particles and ceramic particles.

The invention provides a method for producing a 3D printed item (1) by means of fused deposition modelling, wherein the 3D printed item (1) comprises a plurality of layers (322) of 3D printed material (202), comprising a layer part (1322) with a 3D printed shell material (1302) at least partially surrounding a 3D printed core material (1202), wherein the method comprises layer-wise depositing a 3D printable material (201) comprising a 3D printable core material (1201) and a 3D printable shell material (1301), and wherein:the 3D printable core material (1201) comprises one or more of metal particles (260) and a metal wire (270), and the 3D printable shell material (1301) comprises wood particles (250), orthe 3D printable core material (1201) comprises wood particles (250), and the 3D printable shell material (1301) comprises inorganic material particles (280) selected from the group of glass particles and ceramic particles.

A method for making a heat exchanger assembly is described, involving generating a digital model of a heat exchanger assembly that comprises a heat exchanger core within a housing. The digital model is inputted into an additive manufacturing apparatus or system comprising an energy source. The additive manufacturing apparatus applies energy from the energy source to successively applied incremental quantities of a metal powder, which fuses the powder to form incremental portions of the heat exchanger core and housing according to the digital model. Unfused or partially fused metal powder is enclosed in a first region of the heat exchanger assembly between the heat exchanger core and the housing.

A method for making a heat exchanger assembly is described, involving generating a digital model of a heat exchanger assembly that comprises a heat exchanger core within a housing. The digital model is inputted into an additive manufacturing apparatus or system comprising an energy source. The additive manufacturing apparatus applies energy from the energy source to successively applied incremental quantities of a metal powder, which fuses the powder to form incremental portions of the heat exchanger core and housing according to the digital model. Unfused or partially fused metal powder is enclosed in a first region of the heat exchanger assembly between the heat exchanger core and the housing.

A magnetic core includes alloy phases 20 each made of Fe-based soft magnetic alloy grains including M1 (wherein M1 represents both elements of Al and Cr), Si, and R (wherein R represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Zr, Nb, La, Hf and Ta), and has a structure in which the alloy phases 20 are connected to each other through a grain boundary phase 30. In the grain boundary phase 30, an oxide region is produced. The oxide region includes Fe, M1, Si and R and further includes Al in a larger proportion by mass than the alloy phases 20.

A magnetic core includes alloy phases 20 each made of Fe-based soft magnetic alloy grains including M1 (wherein M1 represents both elements of Al and Cr), Si, and R (wherein R represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Zr, Nb, La, Hf and Ta), and has a structure in which the alloy phases 20 are connected to each other through a grain boundary phase 30. In the grain boundary phase 30, an oxide region is produced. The oxide region includes Fe, M1, Si and R and further includes Al in a larger proportion by mass than the alloy phases 20.

A metal magnetic particle provided with an oxide layer on a surface of an alloy particle containing Fe and Si. The oxide layer has a first oxide layer, a second oxide layer, and a third oxide layer from a side of the alloy particle. All of the first oxide layer, the second oxide layer, and the third oxide layer contain Si. Also, in line analysis of element content by using a scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the first oxide layer is a layer having Fe content smaller than Si content in the alloy particle, the second oxide layer is a layer having Fe content larger than the Si content in the alloy particle, and the third oxide layer is a layer having Fe content smaller than the Si content in the alloy particle.

A metal magnetic particle provided with an oxide layer on a surface of an alloy particle containing Fe and Si. The oxide layer has a first oxide layer, a second oxide layer, and a third oxide layer from a side of the alloy particle. All of the first oxide layer, the second oxide layer, and the third oxide layer contain Si. Also, in line analysis of element content by using a scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the first oxide layer is a layer having Fe content smaller than Si content in the alloy particle, the second oxide layer is a layer having Fe content larger than the Si content in the alloy particle, and the third oxide layer is a layer having Fe content smaller than the Si content in the alloy particle.

The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing permanent magnets having improved coercivity and remanence, the method comprising: (a) homogenizing a first population of particles of a first GBM alloy with a second population of particles of a second alloy to form a composite alloy preform, the first GBM alloy being represented by the formula: AC.sub.bR.sub.xCo.sub.yCu.sub.dM.sub.z, the second alloy being represented by the formula G.sub.2Fe.sub.14B, where AC, R, M, G, b, x, y, and z are defined; (b) heating the composite alloy preform particles to form mixed alloy particles; (c) compressing the mixed alloy particles, under a magnetic field of a suitable strength to align the magnetic particles with a common direction of magnetization and inert atmosphere, to form a green body; (d) sintering the green body; and (e) annealing the sintered body. Embodiments include magnets comprising neodymium-iron-boron core alloys, including Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B.

The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing permanent magnets having improved coercivity and remanence, the method comprising: (a) homogenizing a first population of particles of a first GBM alloy with a second population of particles of a second alloy to form a composite alloy preform, the first GBM alloy being represented by the formula: AC.sub.bR.sub.xCo.sub.yCu.sub.dM.sub.z, the second alloy being represented by the formula G.sub.2Fe.sub.14B, where AC, R, M, G, b, x, y, and z are defined; (b) heating the composite alloy preform particles to form mixed alloy particles; (c) compressing the mixed alloy particles, under a magnetic field of a suitable strength to align the magnetic particles with a common direction of magnetization and inert atmosphere, to form a green body; (d) sintering the green body; and (e) annealing the sintered body. Embodiments include magnets comprising neodymium-iron-boron core alloys, including Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B.