Methods of reducing skin fibrosis by prophylactically treating skin prior to radiation therapy are described herein. The methods include applying an effective amount of DFO to skin that may be subjected to radiation, e.g., during treatment for cancer at a treatment site. The DFO may be administered transdermally.

It is proposed that dissipation of relative benefit during long-term treatment is due to long-term tolerance to stimulant medications. To improve adherence and persistence of medication use, it is advantageous to develop medications that are not undermined by long-term tolerance. Disclosed herein in certain implementations are formulations and methods relating to an alternative formulation of medication for the treatment of ADHD based on two principles: (a) retaining the initial immediate-release component of controlled-release formulations that targets a neural mechanism, which elicits acute tolerance, and (b) replacing the subsequent sustained-release component with a medication that maintains the initial benefit by targeting a different neural mechanism does not elicit tolerance, thus allowing more time for acute tolerance elicited by the initial bolus dose of stimulant medication to dissipate completely each day and avoid carry-over and accumulation that results in long-term tolerance.

It is proposed that dissipation of relative benefit during long-term treatment is due to long-term tolerance to stimulant medications. To improve adherence and persistence of medication use, it is advantageous to develop medications that are not undermined by long-term tolerance. Disclosed herein in certain implementations are formulations and methods relating to an alternative formulation of medication for the treatment of ADHD based on two principles: (a) retaining the initial immediate-release component of controlled-release formulations that targets a neural mechanism, which elicits acute tolerance, and (b) replacing the subsequent sustained-release component with a medication that maintains the initial benefit by targeting a different neural mechanism does not elicit tolerance, thus allowing more time for acute tolerance elicited by the initial bolus dose of stimulant medication to dissipate completely each day and avoid carry-over and accumulation that results in long-term tolerance.

The invention provides compositions, methods and kits for the removal of harmful or irritating substances from bodily surfaces. Kits may include a composition containing capsaicin and a capsaicin-cleansing composition, e.g., a composition in which capsaicin is soluble.

The invention provides compositions, methods and kits for the removal of harmful or irritating substances from bodily surfaces. Kits may include a composition containing capsaicin and a capsaicin-cleansing composition, e.g., a composition in which capsaicin is soluble.

A method of treating or preventing dehydration in an individual having impaired swallowing such as dysphagia can include administering to the individual having the dysphagia an effective amount of a composition containing a salivating agent and a cooling agent in a weight ratio of 1:0.06 to 1:0.2. Optionally the composition includes a tingling agent. The composition can be a powder that is reconstituted before administration, for example at the point of consumption. A thickening or thin cohesive agent can be included in the powder and/or can be included in a liquid in which the powder is reconstituted. The composition can be a beverage containing the salivating agent and the cooling agent in a total amount of at least 3.0 wt. % of the beverage, for example at least 6.0 wt. % of the beverage. The composition can be a ready-to-drink beverage or a frozen dessert on a stick.

A method of treating or preventing dehydration in an individual having impaired swallowing such as dysphagia can include administering to the individual having the dysphagia an effective amount of a composition containing a salivating agent and a cooling agent in a weight ratio of 1:0.06 to 1:0.2. Optionally the composition includes a tingling agent. The composition can be a powder that is reconstituted before administration, for example at the point of consumption. A thickening or thin cohesive agent can be included in the powder and/or can be included in a liquid in which the powder is reconstituted. The composition can be a beverage containing the salivating agent and the cooling agent in a total amount of at least 3.0 wt. % of the beverage, for example at least 6.0 wt. % of the beverage. The composition can be a ready-to-drink beverage or a frozen dessert on a stick.

A method of treating or preventing dehydration in an individual having impaired swallowing such as dysphagia can include administering to the individual having the dysphagia an effective amount of a composition containing a salivating agent and a cooling agent in a weight ratio of 1:0.06 to 1:0.2. Optionally the composition includes a tingling agent. The composition can be a powder that is reconstituted before administration, for example at the point of consumption. A thickening or thin cohesive agent can be included in the powder and/or can be included in a liquid in which the powder is reconstituted. The composition can be a beverage containing the salivating agent and the cooling agent in a total amount of at least 3.0 wt. % of the beverage, for example at least 6.0 wt. % of the beverage. The composition can be a ready-to-drink beverage or a frozen dessert on a stick.

Use of colchicine to inhibit tumor growth and metastases in mammalian subjects comprising the administration of the compositions and formulations are provided. The described colchicine compositions and formulations include sustained release, and multimodal release compositions and formulations suitable for alone or in combination with additional pharmaceutically active agents useful in treating tumor growth and metastases.

Methods and compositions are provided for treating neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and bipolar disorder. The methods entail administering to a patient diagnosed as having a neuropsychiatric disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder, mild cognitive impairment, dementia bipolar disorder, etc.) or as at risk for a neuropsychiatric disorder a benzoic acid, benzoic acid salt, and/or benzoic acid derivative, and/or a sorbic acid, sorbic acid salt, and/or sorbic acid derivative, in combination with a neuropharmacological agent (e.g., an antipsychotic, an antidepressant, medications for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, cognitive impairment, or dementia, etc.) where the benzoic acid, benzoic acid salt, or benzoic acid derivative, and/or a sorbic acid, sorbic acid salt, and/or sorbic acid derivative, is in an amount sufficient to increase the efficacy of the neuropharmacological agent.