A method for reducing the likelihood of an individual developing colorectal cancer includes the use of a CRISPR system to selectively kill pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella and E. coli, within the individual. Preferrably, the growth of a beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Prevotella, and Streptococcus bacteria, is also enhanced. Reduction of certain virulence factors, such as colibactin, using a CRISPR system, as well the employment of immune checkpoint inhibitors, is effective in treating individuals with cancer and who suffer from a chronic infectious disease.

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to the field of treating and preventing osteoporosis, with particular embodiments directed to a method of ameliorating, treating, or preventing osteoporosis in a human subject employing tomatidine, xylitol, rapamycin, etc., as well as modifying an individual's microbiome to reduce the likelihood of osteoporosis.

The invention relates to compositions and methods for making and using recombinant bacteria that are capable of regulated attenuation and/or regulated expression of one or more antigens of interest.

The present invention provides compositions that include an extract of human feces, and methods for using such compositions, including methods for replacing or supplementing or modifying a subject's colon microbiota, and methods for treating a disease, pathological condition, and/or iatrogenic condition of the colon.

Some embodiments relate to genetically engineered bacterial strains for modulation of levels of the bacterial metabolite 4-ethylphenol (4EP) and its sulfated form, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS). In some embodiments, the bacteria reduce or inhibit production of 4EP or 4EPS in the gut of a subject. The bacteria can ameliorate, delay the onset, or reduce the likelihood of one or more symptoms associated with anxiety and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the subject.

A method for reducing the likelihood of developing depression in an individual involves providing in the gut of an individual a population of beneficial bacteria selected from the group consisting of bacterial species able to make small chain fatty acids, and preferably butyrate, and administering fiber to the individual to maintain a therapeutically effective amount of the beneficial bacteria in the gut of the individual. The individual's gut microbiome is modified to reduce the number of undesired bacteria and to increase the number of beneficial bacteria. Bacteria are preferably modified to remove one or more virulence facts or alternatively to produce increased amounts of SCFA's, such as butyrate. Beneficial bacteria may be encapsulated in a frangible enclosure to ensure they arrive in an individual's body while still viable, e.g. such as being first released in the lower gut rather than being exposed to the harsh conditions of an individual's stomach. In other embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a bacterial formulation comprising Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is administered. Other embodiments include the administration of a bacterial formulation comprising at least one of Coprococcus, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and L. casei to treat depression.

Compositions, systems and methods of improving the health of the microbiome of an individual's skin relate to the provision of skin contacting formulations containing beneficial bacteria, postbiotics, metabolites and other microbe components to foster the growth and maintenance of a healthy skin microbiome. One embodiment includes a topical application of Lactobacillus Crispatus to ameliorate skin barrier damage and inflammation using unique combinations of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and other skin-beneficial ingredients, effectively treating inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and acne, through the production of tryptophan metabolites that act as AHR agonists.

Provided are therapeutic compositions containing microbial populations for prevention, treatment and reduction of symptoms associated with a dysbiosis of a mammalian subject such as a human.

A method to reduce the likelihood of a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome in an individual employing a probiotic method and composition for maintaining a healthy vaginal microbiome, with particular embodiments including a bacterial formulation of at least two live bacteria selected from the group consisting of L. reuteri, L johnsonii and L. crispatus, and at least one prebiotic having glycogen as a component thereof. The bacterial formulation is administered to an individual's vagina in an amount sufficient for the bacterial formulation to generate an amount of tryptophan metabolites sufficient to act as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists, thereby reducing inflammation in the individual's vagina. Certain embodiments include increasing the production of SCFAs in the individual's gut microbiome, while reducing the production of SCFAs in the individual's vagina and introducing ammonia oxidizing microorganisms to the individual's vagina.

Provided is a method for constructing an atopic dermatitis skin organoid from human pluripotent stem cells. It was observed that ALI-skin organoids of the presently claimed subject matter formed skin cells, appendages, neural cells, adipocytes, and the like in similar structures to those in the real skin and exhibited greatly improved follicle growth, compared to skin organoids constructed by existing culture methods. In addition, as a result of treatment with Staphylococcus aureus to construct an atopic dermatitis model, a good simulation was made of the characteristics of atopic dermatitis, such as damaged skin barriers, increased epithelium-derived cytokines and downregulated epidermal stem cell expression, causing Staphylococcus aureus colonies, and the like. Thus, the skin organoid of the presently claimed subject matter is expected to find advantageous applications as a real skin model and an atopic dermatitis model.