Provided herein are exosome-anchoring fusion proteins and methods of using the exosome-anchoring fusion proteins for immunization to treat or prevent diseases such as virus infections or cancer.

The present invention relates to a vaccine composition for removing boar taint, the vaccine composition including a recombinant protein in which a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and n gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) are fused, and more specifically, provides a recombinant protein for removing boar taint to induce antibodies against GnRH, a recombinant vector for producing the same, a vaccine composition for removing boar taint, the vaccine composition including the recombinant protein, and a method for removing boar taint using the same. The vaccine composition according to the present invention induces antibodies against GnRH in an individual and has the effect of atrophying the testes through the induction of antibodies. Therefore, the present invention can be usefully used to remove boar taint by immunologically castrating a boar at low cost and with high safety and minimal side effects.

The methods include selectively reducing or expanding T cells according to the antigenic specificity of the T cells. Therefore, the present invention can be used to reduce or eliminate pathogenic T cells that recognize autoantigens, such as beta cell specific T cells. As such, the present invention can be used to prevent, treat or ameliorate autoimmune diseases such as IDDM. Furthermore, the present invention can be used to expand desirable T cells, such as anti-pathogenic T cells to prevent, treat and/or ameliorate autoimmune diseases.

The methods include selectively reducing or expanding T cells according to the antigenic specificity of the T cells. Therefore, the present invention can be used to reduce or eliminate pathogenic T cells that recognize autoantigens, such as beta cell specific T cells. As such, the present invention can be used to prevent, treat or ameliorate autoimmune diseases such as IDDM. Furthermore, the present invention can be used to expand desirable T cells, such as anti-pathogenic T cells to prevent, treat and/or ameliorate autoimmune diseases.

Provided herein are methods for rational design of nicotine haptens. More particularly, provided herein are methods for designing, selecting, and synthesizing nicotine haptens and nicotine hapten conjugates. Also provided herein are novel nicotine haptens and methods for using nicotine haptens to treat nicotine addiction.

Provided herein are methods for rational design of nicotine haptens. More particularly, provided herein are methods for designing, selecting, and synthesizing nicotine haptens and nicotine hapten conjugates. Also provided herein are novel nicotine haptens and methods for using nicotine haptens to treat nicotine addiction.

The present invention provides a method of determining the identity and/or amount of an anti-IL-31 antibody in a sample. Such a method includes incubating a sample comprising an anti-IL-31 antibody with at least one mimotope selected from a feline IL-31 mimotope, a canine IL-31 mimotope, a horse IL-31 mimotope, and a human IL-31 mimotope; and determining the identity and/or quantity of the anti-IL-31 in the sample.

The present invention provides a method of determining the identity and/or amount of an anti-IL-31 antibody in a sample. Such a method includes incubating a sample comprising an anti-IL-31 antibody with at least one mimotope selected from a feline IL-31 mimotope, a canine IL-31 mimotope, a horse IL-31 mimotope, and a human IL-31 mimotope; and determining the identity and/or quantity of the anti-IL-31 in the sample.

The present invention relates to synthetic saccharides of general formula (I) that are related to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 capsular polysaccharide and conjugates thereof. Said conjugate and a pharmaceutical composition containing said conjugate are useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and more specifically of diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4. Furthermore, the synthetic saccharides of general formula (I) are useful as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.

The present invention relates to synthetic saccharides of general formula (I) that are related to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 capsular polysaccharide and conjugates thereof. Said conjugate and a pharmaceutical composition containing said conjugate are useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and more specifically of diseases associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4. Furthermore, the synthetic saccharides of general formula (I) are useful as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.