A refrigerant pipe constituting a refrigerant circuit of a refrigeration apparatus, includes: a pipe body made of stainless steel; and a first connecting tube made of copper or a copper alloy and that is configured to connect a first different refrigerant pipe to the refrigerant pipe. The first connecting tube is connected to an outer circumferential surface of a first end of the pipe body in a pipe axis direction of the pipe body. The first connecting tube overlaps with the pipe body in a pipe diameter direction in an entirety of the first connecting tube in the pipe axis direction.

An electric resistance welded steel pipe or tube comprises: a base metal being a steel sheet having a specific chemical composition and an electric resistance weld portion having a bond width of 40×10.sup.−6 m or more and 120×10.sup.−6 m or less, wherein C.sub.0-C.sub.1 is 0.05 mass % or less, where C.sub.0-C.sub.1 is a difference between C.sub.1 in mass % which is a minimum C content of the electric resistance weld portion and Co in mass % which is a C content of the steel sheet, and a depth of a total decarburized layer in each of an inner surface layer and an outer surface layer of the electric resistance welded steel pipe or tube is 50×10.sup.−6 m or less.

A pipe processing tool that is configured to deform the end of a pipe so that the circumferential shape of the end of the pipe generally matches the circumferential shape of an adjacent pipe end. Matching the circumferential shapes of the pipe ends is advantageous during a pipe attachment process. The pipe processing tool can include a deformation ring with a plurality of pipe deformation members. Each pipe deformation member faces radially inward and is actuatable in a radial direction toward and away from the center of the deformation ring in order to permit engagement with the pipe. Each pipe deformation member is individually and separately actuatable from the other pipe deformation members so that the circumferential shapes of the pipes can be altered by controlling suitable ones of the pipe deformation members.

A welding support block supports, from the rear surface of a joint to be welded, a weld pool created during a welding process. The welding support block comprises a block of metal and an outer layer of ceramic material providing a supporting surface. The ceramic material layer has a thickness between 0.25 mm and 1.5 mm. The metal material immediately beneath the ceramic material layer is made of steel. An internal line-up clamp for holding pipes in end-to-end alignment ready for welding may include multiple such welding support blocks. The use of such welding support blocks is particularly useful when laying a sour service carrying pipeline (high H.sub.2S content).

A component includes an additively manufactured component with an internal passage; and an additively manufactured elongated member within the internal passage. A method of additively manufacturing a component including additively manufacturing a component with an internal passage; and additively manufacturing an elongated member within the internal passage concurrent with additively manufacturing the component.

A programmable exothermic reaction controller includes input/output control circuitry for inputting and outputting information to/from the controller, processing circuitry including user programmable parameters, wherein the parameters are programmable using the input/output control circuitry and an output connector connectable to an ignitor cable.

The present invention relates to a preheating device for welding oil, gas, and geothermal wellheads of varying diameters and thicknesses which is applicable to the oil, gas, and geothermal industry. The preheating of head and coating pipes to be welded do not cool down quickly. The cooling speed reduction prevents structures or joints from being less susceptible to cracking by maintaining the necessary heat thus preventing the integrity of the joints from being exposed. The preheating of head and coating to be welded maintains a uniform and constant temperature avoiding temperature changes, thus making the structures or joints less susceptible to cracking by maintaining the necessary heat and preventing the integrity of the joints from being exposed.

A system for laying pipe includes a conveyor configured to receive one or more pipes, and one or more friction stir welding (FSW) machines configured to connect the one or more pipes to a pipeline deployed toward a sea floor.

A system, a non-transitory computer readable medium for executing instructions, and a method for fabricating a subsea connector, including selecting a substrate on which to form the subsea connector, positioning the substrate on a welding positioner base, and applying a first weld bead using a first multiple axis robot, applying a second weld bead using a second multiple axis robot, forming a plurality of weld bead layers comprising the first weld bead and the second weld bead, and forming a subsea connector formed from the plurality of weld bead layers.

A liner sleeve is secured within a host pipe of a bimetallic lined pipe by driving a spinning friction stir welding tool through the liner sleeve but not through the full wall thickness of the host pipe. This forms a thermo-mechanically affected welded zone in which metal of the liner sleeve is bonded with some metal of the host pipe. Relative movement between the spinning tool and the lined pipe extends the welded zone along a weld path. Where the pipe is mechanically lined, the welded zone extends along a previously unbonded outboard region that extends longitudinally from an inboard region at which the liner sleeve is bonded mechanically to the host pipe.