Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for computer aided design and manufacture of physical structures using subtractive manufacturing systems and techniques and a determined stock allowance include, in one aspect, a method including: obtaining a finishing toolpath specification for three dimensional (3D) geometry of a part; generating 3D geometry of a model of a semi-finished structure in accordance with a computer simulation of deflections experienced by a workpiece as stock material is cut from the workpiece using the finishing toolpath specification; creating a semi-finishing toolpath specification for the semi-finished structure; and providing the semi-finishing toolpath specification for use in machining the part by cutting away a first portion of the stock material using the semi-finishing toolpath specification to form the semi-finished structure, followed by performing a finishing operation of the semi-finished structure by cutting away a second portion of the stock material to form the part.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for computer aided design and manufacture of physical structures using subtractive manufacturing systems and techniques and a determined stock allowance include, in one aspect, a method including: obtaining a finishing toolpath specification for three dimensional (3D) geometry of a part; generating 3D geometry of a model of a semi-finished structure in accordance with a computer simulation of deflections experienced by a workpiece as stock material is cut from the workpiece using the finishing toolpath specification; creating a semi-finishing toolpath specification for the semi-finished structure; and providing the semi-finishing toolpath specification for use in machining the part by cutting away a first portion of the stock material using the semi-finishing toolpath specification to form the semi-finished structure, followed by performing a finishing operation of the semi-finished structure by cutting away a second portion of the stock material to form the part.

A miller, a non-transitory computer readable medium, and a method for milling a multi-layered object. The method may include (i) receiving or determining milling parameters related to a milling process, the milling parameters may include at least two out of (a) a defocus strength, (b) a duration of the milling process, (c) a bias voltage supplied to an objective lens during the milling process, (d) an ion beam energy, and (e) an ion beam current density, and (ii) forming a crater by applying the milling process while maintaining the milling parameters, wherein the applying of the milling process includes directing a defocused ion beam on the multi-layered object.

A miller, a non-transitory computer readable medium, and a method for milling a multi-layered object. The method may include (i) receiving or determining milling parameters related to a milling process, the milling parameters may include at least two out of (a) a defocus strength, (b) a duration of the milling process, (c) a bias voltage supplied to an objective lens during the milling process, (d) an ion beam energy, and (e) an ion beam current density, and (ii) forming a crater by applying the milling process while maintaining the milling parameters, wherein the applying of the milling process includes directing a defocused ion beam on the multi-layered object.

The present disclosure is directed to calibrating position detection for a tool. The tool can use a sensor to detect a first value of a parameter. The tool can use a motor to extend the working member of the tool towards a working surface. The tool can include a base. The tool can detect, with the working member in contact with the working service, a second value of the parameter. The tool can determine a z-axis position of the working member relative to the working surface.

The present disclosure is directed to calibrating position detection for a tool. The tool can use a sensor to detect a first value of a parameter. The tool can use a motor to extend the working member of the tool towards a working surface. The tool can include a base. The tool can detect, with the working member in contact with the working service, a second value of the parameter. The tool can determine a z-axis position of the working member relative to the working surface.

Disclosed is a machining center. The machining center includes a bed structure deflected along a deflection curve by a load distribution thereon, a palette structure secured to a first end portion of the bed structure, a spindle assembly to which a machining tool is secured and secured to a second portion of the bed structure, a table movably secured to the bed structure such that a table loading is applied to a load point of the bed structure and an automatic aligner automatically detecting first and second installation errors of the table and the spindle assembly and automatically correcting the first and the second installation errors such that the workpiece and the tool are aligned with each other. The misalignment between the workpiece and the tool is automatically detected and corrected in the machining center.

A control device includes: a storage unit that stores a working program and a tool length correction amount; a control unit that causes a table and a spindle to relatively move on the basis of the working program and the tool length correction amount; a region setting unit that sets an interference checking region including a tool held by the spindle on the basis of the tool length correction amount; and an interference determination unit that determines whether the interference checking region interferes or not with obstacles in surroundings of the tool in a case in which the tool and the table are caused to relatively move on the basis of the working program and the tool length correction amount.

A control device includes: a storage unit that stores a working program and a tool length correction amount; a control unit that causes a table and a spindle to relatively move on the basis of the working program and the tool length correction amount; a region setting unit that sets an interference checking region including a tool held by the spindle on the basis of the tool length correction amount; and an interference determination unit that determines whether the interference checking region interferes or not with obstacles in surroundings of the tool in a case in which the tool and the table are caused to relatively move on the basis of the working program and the tool length correction amount.

Provided is a servo controller that can prevent an unnecessary cut from being generated during oscillation machining. A servo controller which controls a machine tool 10 that turns a workpiece W by cooperative operation of a plurality of axes includes: an oscillation command generating unit 23 that generates an oscillation command for causing the workpiece W and the tool 11 to relatively oscillate; a deviation deducting unit 31, 241 that applies the oscillation command to a position deviation based on a moving command for causing the workpiece W and the tool 11 to relatively move, and deducts a steady-state position deviation; and a learning control unit 27 that calculates a compensation amount from a position deviation based on the moving command after deducting the steady-state position deviation.