A method includes identifying a subject as having a pathological Central Nervous System (CNS) condition; and, in response, implanting, at a CNS site of the subject, a piece of a hydrogel (50). The hydrogel may be a polypseudorotaxane hydrogel. The polypseudorotaxane hydrogel may include crosslinked axles of a polymer. The polymer may include ethylene oxide (EO). The polypseudorotaxane hydrogel may further include molecules of a cyclodextrin, threaded onto the axles. Other embodiments are also described.

The present invention is directed to a nerve regeneration conduit including a resorbable tube having a matrix therein. The matrix is characterized by substantially parallel, axially aligned pores extending the length of the matrix. The matrix is formed by the axial freezing of a slurry having little or no significant radial thermal gradient during the freezing process. The matrix is used to bridge the gap between the severed ends of a nerve and provide a scaffold for nerve regeneration.

A 3D printing resin composition for a biomaterial and method for 3D printing the composition are disclosed. The composition comprises: (i) a pre-polymer comprising a polymeric unit of the general formula (-A-B-)n, wherein A represents a substituted or un-substituted ester, B represents a substituted or un-substituted acid ester comprising at least two acid ester functionalities, and n represents an integer greater than 1, (ii) at least one photo-initiator, and (iii) at least one light blocker.

A composition includes Purified Exosome Product (PEP) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that includes a surgical glue or tissue adhesive. In some embodiments, the PEP includes spherical or spheroid exosomes having a diameter no greater than 300 nm. In some embodiments, the PEP includes from 1% to 20% CD63.sup. exosomes and from 80% to 99% CD63.sup.+ exosomes. In some embodiments, the PEP includes at least 50% CD63.sup. exosomes. The composition may be applied to injured peripheral nervous tissue to promote growth of peripheral nervous tissue and/or treat the injured peripheral nervous tissue. The peripheral nervous tissue may be autologous or may be allogeneic.

A three-dimensional electrospun nanofiber scaffold for use in repairing a defect in a tissue substrate is provided. The three-dimensional electrospun nanofiber scaffold includes a first layer formed by a first plurality of electrospun polymeric fibers and a second layer formed by a second plurality of electrospun polymeric fibers. The second layer is coupled to the first layer using a coupling process and includes a plurality of varying densities formed by the second plurality of electrospun polymeric fibers. The first and second layers are configured to degrade via hydrolysis after at least one of a predetermined time or an environmental condition. The three-dimensional electrospun nanofiber scaffold is configured to be applied to the tissue substrate containing the defect.

Provided herein are scaffold biomaterials comprising a decellularised plant or fungal tissue from which cellular materials and nucleic acids of the tissue are removed, the decellularised plant or fungal tissue comprising a cellulose- or chitin-based 3-dimensional porous structure. Methods for preparing such scaffold biomaterials, as well as uses thereof as an implantable scaffold for supporting animal cell growth, for promoting tissue regeneration, for promoting angiogenesis, for a tissue replacement procedure, and/or as a structural implant for cosmetic surgery are also provided. Therapeutic treatment and/or cosmetic methods employing such scaffolds are additionally described.

A polyacrylonitrile (PANi) based pharmaceutical composition providing a porous implant for use in treating spinal cord trauma and/or spinal cord injury. Particularly a pharmaceutical composition including polyacrylonitrile (PANi) and/or elastin (E) and/or collagen (C) to form a PANi-E and/or PANi-C and/or a PANi-EC polymer network. Particularly, a pharmaceutical composition including polyacrylonitrile (PANi), elastin (E), and collagen (C) together forming a polyacrylonitrile (PANi), elastin (E), collagen (C) polymer network (PANi-E-C), wherein the polyacrylonitrile (PANi) may be crosslinked to form a crosslinked interpenetrating polyacrylonitrile (PANi), elastin (E) and collagen (C) polymer network (xpi-PANi-E-C), and wherein secondary protein structures of elastin (E) and collagen (C) reorientate. The disclosure extends to use of the pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of spinal cord trauma and/or spinal cord injury.

The present invention relates to preparation and use of biocompatible and electrically conductive 3D hydrogels comprising nanocellulose fibrils, such as disintegrated bacterial nanocellulose, plant derived nanocellulose, tunicate derived nanocellulose, or algae derived nanocellulose, together with carbon nanotubes or graphene oxide, as a biocompatible and conductive 3D hydrogel for diagnostics and intervention to mimic or restore tissue and organ function. Biocompatible conductive 3D hydrogels described in this invention can be extruded, casted or injected. The 3D hydrogels described in this invention are cohesive 3D structures and provide electrical conductivity in wet form. 3D hydrogels described in this invention can be further crosslinked using divalent ions such as Calcium ions which improve mechanical stability. Such crosslinking can take place in an animal or human body in a physiological environment after injection into the tissue. 3D hydrogels are biocompatible and show preferable mechanical properties and electrical conductivity through printed lines (4.10.sup.1 S cm.sup.1). The 3D hydrogels prepared by this invention are suited as bioassays to screen drugs against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, study brain function, and/or be used to link the human brain with electronic and/or communication devices. They can also be injected to replace neural tissue or stimulate guiding of neural cells. They can also be used to inject into the heart and stimulate the heart by using electrical signaling or to repair myocardial infarction.

An object of the present invention is to provide a cell aggregate comprising dopaminergic neuron progenitor cells suitable for transplantation, a mixture of cell aggregates, and a method for producing these. The cell aggregate of the present invention comprises FOXA2-positive or TUJ1-positive neural cells and comprising 1000 cells or more.

A method of repairing nerve tissue is provided. A method of inducing neurite outgrowth in neurons also is provided.