Provided are an LCP film and a laminate comprising the same. The LCP film is made of an LCP resin comprising a structural unit represented by Formula (1): -L.sub.1-Ar-L.sub.2- (1), wherein -L.sub.1- and -L.sub.2- are respectively —O— or —CO—; —Ar— is an arylene group. Formula (1) comprises structural units

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Based on a total molar number of the structural unit represented by Formula (1), a molar number of the structural unit represented by Formula (I) is in the range from 15 mole % to 40 mole %, and a sum of molar numbers of the structural units represented by Formulae (I) and (II) is in the range from 80 mole % to 100 mole %. The LCP film has a thickness and a transmittance, wherein when values of the thickness (in μm) and the transmittance are put into Formula (III), the obtained value is from 0.055 to 0.090. Formula (III): Log(1/TT %)/(Thickness).sup.0.5.

Provided are a laminate, a circuit board, and a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film comprised therein. The laminate comprises a metal foil and an LCP film. The LCP film in the laminate has a dissipation factor before water absorption (Df′.sub.0), a dissipation factor after water absorption (Df′.sub.1), and a relative percentage difference between dissipation factors (ΔDf′), which is calculated by the following equation:

[00001]$\Delta .Math.D.Math.f^{\prime }.Math..Math.\left(\%\right)=\frac{.Math.{\mathrm{Df}}_1^{\prime }-D.Math.f_0^{\prime }.Math.}{D.Math.f_0^{\prime }}\times 1.Math.00.Math.\%;$

wherein ΔDf′ may be less than or equal to 16%.

By controlling ΔDf′ of the LCP film in the laminate, the insertion loss of a circuit board comprising a laminate during signal transmission in low-, medium-, and/or high-frequency bands is decreased and/or inhibited. In addition, the difference between the insertion losses of signal transmission before and after water absorption is decreased, so the laminate is suitable for high-end or outdoor high-frequency electronic products.

Provided are a laminate, a circuit board, and a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film comprised therein. The laminate comprises a metal foil and an LCP film. The LCP film in the laminate has a dissipation factor before water absorption (Df′.sub.0), a dissipation factor after water absorption (Df′.sub.1), and a relative percentage difference between dissipation factors (ΔDf′), which is calculated by the following equation:

[00001]$\Delta .Math.D.Math.f^{\prime }.Math..Math.\left(\%\right)=\frac{.Math.{\mathrm{Df}}_1^{\prime }-D.Math.f_0^{\prime }.Math.}{D.Math.f_0^{\prime }}\times 1.Math.00.Math.\%;$

wherein ΔDf′ may be less than or equal to 16%.

By controlling ΔDf′ of the LCP film in the laminate, the insertion loss of a circuit board comprising a laminate during signal transmission in low-, medium-, and/or high-frequency bands is decreased and/or inhibited. In addition, the difference between the insertion losses of signal transmission before and after water absorption is decreased, so the laminate is suitable for high-end or outdoor high-frequency electronic products.

Provided are a liquid crystal polymer film (LCP film) and a laminate comprising the same. The LCP film has a first surface and a second surface opposite each other, and the first surface has an arithmetical mean height of a surface (Sa) less than 0.32 μm. The LCP film with proper Sa is suitable to be stacked with a metal foil, such that a laminate comprising the LCP film can have an advantage of low insertion loss.

Provided are a liquid crystal polymer film (LCP film) and a laminate comprising the same. The LCP film has a first surface and a second surface opposite each other, and the first surface has an arithmetical mean height of a surface (Sa) less than 0.32 μm. The LCP film with proper Sa is suitable to be stacked with a metal foil, such that a laminate comprising the LCP film can have an advantage of low insertion loss.

Provided are a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film and a laminate comprising the same. The LCP film has a first surface and a second surface opposite each other, and a Kurtosis (Rku) of the first surface ranges from 3.0 to 60.0. With the Rku, the LCP film is able to improve the peel strength with a metal foil and ensure that a laminate comprising the same maintains the merit of low insertion loss.

Provided are a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film and a laminate comprising the same. The LCP film has a first surface and a second surface opposite each other, and a Kurtosis (Rku) of the first surface ranges from 3.0 to 60.0. With the Rku, the LCP film is able to improve the peel strength with a metal foil and ensure that a laminate comprising the same maintains the merit of low insertion loss.

A device for manipulating particles includes a rotating screen on which a particle structure can be formed and at least one scraper. At least one support element supports the screen at the scraper. The device further includes a particle reservoir and a blower, which is located inside the screen and under the reservoir and which blows a gas in order to fluidize the particles present in the reservoir.

A device for manipulating particles includes a rotating screen on which a particle structure can be formed and at least one scraper. At least one support element supports the screen at the scraper. The device further includes a particle reservoir and a blower, which is located inside the screen and under the reservoir and which blows a gas in order to fluidize the particles present in the reservoir.

The present invention is a unique process of manufacturing rigid members with precise “shape keeping” properties and with reflective properties pertaining to radio frequency energy, so that air, land, sea and space devices or vehicles may be constructed including parabolic reflectors formed without discrete permanent layering. Rather, such parabolic reflectors or similarly, vehicles, may be formed by homogeneous construction where discrete layering is absent, and where energy reflectivity or scattering characteristics are embedded within the homogeneous mixture of carbon nanotubes and associated graphite powders and epoxy, resins and hardeners. The mixture of carbon graphite nanofiber and carbon nanotubes generates higher electrode conductivity and magnetized attraction through molecular polarization. In effect, the rigid members may be tuned based on the application. The combination of these materials creates a unique matrix that is then set in a memory form at a specific temperature, and then applied to various materials through a series of multiple layers, resulting in unparalleled strength and durability.