Three-dimensional (3D) printed fluoropolymer-based energetic compositions are made using 3D printing methods. The 3D printed fluoropolymer-based energetic compositions comprise a fluoropolymer and a reactive metal or metal oxide. The total weight percentage of the fluoropolymer and the reactive metal or metal oxide is 70-100% of the 3D printed fluoropolymer-based energetic composition, and the weight percentage of the reactive metal or metal oxide is 5-85 wt % of the total weight of the 3D printed fluoropolymer-based energetic material. The 3D printed fluoropolymer-based energetic material has a thickness of at least 200 μm.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods, devices, and compositions for 3D printing of piezoelectric devices. The piezoelectric devices can be used for sensor applications using poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) and BaTiO.sub.3 (BTO) nanocomposites through in-situ electric poling 3D printing process.

A seal can include a body including a thermoplastic material and a filler material including a fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer can include a modified fluoropolymer. The body can include an elongation-at-break of at least 3%. In an embodiment, the seal can include a seal ring, wherein the body of the seal ring can include a weld.

A seal can include a body including a thermoplastic material and a filler material including a fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer can include a modified fluoropolymer. The body can include an elongation-at-break of at least 3%. In an embodiment, the seal can include a seal ring, wherein the body of the seal ring can include a weld.

The invention relates to an object or object part made from a composition comprising at least one fluoropolymer F, wherein: —the at least one fluoropolymer F comprises vinylidene fluoride units and at least 30 wt. % of units derived from at least one monomer of formula (I): (I) CX.sub.1X.sub.2═CX.sub.3Y, wherein each of X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 is independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, I and alkyl groups comprising from 1 to 3 carbon atoms which are optionally partly or fully halogenated and Y is an alkyl group comprising from 1 to 3 carbon atoms which is optionally partly or fully halogenated; —the proportion of the at least one fluoropolymer F in the composition is at least 80 wt. %; and—the viscosity of the composition is at least 1000 Pa.Math.s at a temperature of 230° C. and at a shear rate of 100 s.sup.−1.

The invention concerns a method for producing a population of particles of a polymer, wherein the polymer is polyvinylidene difluoride (=PVDF) or a copolymer comprising polyvinylidene difluoride, wherein the polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent, wherein molecules of the solvent comprise or consist of 3 to 22 carbon atoms, one or more oxygen atom(s) as heteroatom(s) and at most one carbocyclic or heterocyclic residue comprising carbon atoms which carbocyclic or heterocyclic residue is an aromatic residue, wherein the carbon atoms in the carbocyclic or heterocyclic residue are carbon atoms taken from said 3 to 22 carbon atoms, wherein the one or more oxygen atom(s) is/are part of at least one carboxylic acid ester group or carbonyl group, wherein the carbon atom in the carboxylic acid ester group and the carbonyl group is one of said 3 to 22 carbon atoms or/and at least one ether group and at most three hydroxyl groups, wherein in case of presence of at least one hydroxyl group the number of ether groups always exceeds the number of hydroxyl groups, wherein in case of presence of only 3 carbon atoms the molecule comprises additionally at least one pseudohalogen or additionally at least one further heteroatom selected from halogen, N, B, P and S, wherein the method comprises heating the solvent and the solid polymer immersed in the solvent at least until the polymer completely dissolves, cooling the solution until polymer particles are formed, and separating the particles formed during step b) from the solution or from a gel formed from the solution during step b).

Provided herein are methods of fabricating membranes using polymers with functionalized groups such as sulfone (e.g., PSf and PES), ether (e.g., PES), acrylonitrile (e.g., PAN), fluoride (e.g., pvdf and other fluoropolymers), and imide (e.g., extem) and ionic liquids. Also provided are membranes made by the provided methods.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for attaching structures. One system includes: a device having a first structure attached to a second structure; a first polymer coupled to the first structure, wherein the first polymer has a first temperature profile and a first shape; and a second polymer coupled to the second structure. The second polymer has a second temperature profile and a second shape. The second shape interlocks the first shape. The first polymer and the second polymer secure the first structure to the second structure in response to the first polymer and the second polymer being in a first temperature range. The first polymer and the second polymer release the first structure from the second structure in response to the first polymer and the second polymer being in a second temperature range different from the first temperature range.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for attaching structures. One system includes: a device having a first structure attached to a second structure; a first polymer coupled to the first structure, wherein the first polymer has a first temperature profile and a first shape; and a second polymer coupled to the second structure. The second polymer has a second temperature profile and a second shape. The second shape interlocks the first shape. The first polymer and the second polymer secure the first structure to the second structure in response to the first polymer and the second polymer being in a first temperature range. The first polymer and the second polymer release the first structure from the second structure in response to the first polymer and the second polymer being in a second temperature range different from the first temperature range.

A battery separator comprises a co-extruded, microporous membrane having at least two layers made of extrudable polymers and having: a uniform thickness defined by a standard deviation of <0.80 microns (m); or an interply adhesion as defined by a peel strength >60 grams.