A laminate includes an electrode for electrolysis and a membrane laminated on the electrode for electrolysis. The membrane has an asperity geometry on the surface thereof and a ratio a of a gap volume between the electrode for electrolysis and the membrane with respect to a unit area of the membrane is more than 0.8 m and 200 m or less.

A method for producing a new electrolyzer by arranging an electrode for electrolysis in an existing electrolyzer. The method includes a releasing process (A1) of releasing an integration of an anode frame and a cathode frame to expose a membrane, an arranging process (B1) of arranging the electrode for electrolysis on at least one of surfaces of the membrane after the releasing process (A1), and an integrating process (C1) of integrating the anode frame and the cathode frame after the arranging process (B1) to store the anode, the cathode, the membrane, and the electrode for electrolysis into the electrolytic cell frame.

A method for producing a new electrolyzer by arranging an electrode for electrolysis and a new membrane in an existing electrolyzer. The method includes a releasing process (A2) of releasing an integration of an anode frame and a cathode frame to expose a membrane, a removing process (B2) of removing the membrane after the releasing process (A2) and arranging the electrode for electrolysis and new membrane on the anode or cathode, and an integrating process (C2) of integrating the anode frame and the cathode frame to store the anode, the cathode, the membrane, the electrode for electrolysis, and the new membrane into the electrolytic cell frame.

A jig for laminate production for producing a laminate of an electrode for electrolysis and a membrane. The jig includes a roll for an electrode around which an elongate electrode for electrolysis is wound, and a roll for a membrane around which an elongate membrane is wound.

Composites, methods of manufacturing a composite, and methods of surface treatment of stainless steel are provided. A composite may include stainless steel of which a concave-convex surface is constructed through electrolytic etching, and resin joined to the concave-convex surface.

Hydroentangled composites having a wide variety of uses (e.g., personal hygiene articles, facers for fenestration absorbent patches on surgical drapes, facers on absorbent surgical drapes, etc.) are provided. The hydroentangled composite includes at least two nonwoven webs hydroentangled together. The hydroentangled composite may have a three-dimensional structure. Additionally, the at least two nonwoven webs may have different bonding levels and/or lint levels.

Apparatus and methods for impinging a heated fluid onto the surface of a substrate and then locally removing the impinged fluid. The apparatus and methods may be used to heat a surface of a substrate e.g. so that the substrate can be melt-bonded to another substrate.

Herein are disclosed apparatus and methods for impinging heated fluids onto the surfaces of substrates to heat the surfaces of the substrates so as to facilitate melt-bonding the substrates to each other to form a laminate. Also are disclosed are laminates in which a fibrous web is bonded to a substrate in a surface-bonded manner and/or is bonded in a loft-retaining manner. The substrate may comprise protrusions on the surface of the substrate opposite the surface that is bonded to the fibrous web.

The invention provides a laminate including a polyimide film and an inorganic substrate, which has a number density of blisters including carbide particles therein of 50/m.sup.2 or less, an average height of blisters of 2 ?m or less, a product of the number density of the blisters (blisters/m.sup.2) and the average height of the blisters (?m) of 20 or less. The inventive laminate can be obtained by laminating the polyimide film and the inorganic substrate after sufficiently purifying and cleaning to remove foreign bodies made of inorganic substance therefrom, followed by heat treating the laminate at a temperature of 350-600? C. and then rapidly cooling it to carbonize and reduce the organic foreign bodies, and also to rapidly cool the gas contained in the blisters, which leads to reduced height of blisters.

A non-provisioned card having a front side and a back side, and at least one visible surface that is patinated or activated to promote patination.