Compounds and compositions for the transient expression of exogenous telomerase activity in a cell are provided. The compounds and compositions, which relate to a ribonucleic acid coding for a telomerase reverse transcriptase, are useful in the extension of telomeres in cells needing such treatment. Such cells include, for example, cells that contain shortened telomeres and cells from subjects that may benefit from telomere extension, for example subjects that suffer from, or are at risk of suffering from, age-related or other illnesses. Also provided are methods of extending telomeres through the administration of the provided compounds and compositions to animal cells, either in vitro or in vivo, and kits including the compounds or compositions and instructions for use.

Compositions and foods which contain (1) histidine and (2) vitamin B6 and/or carnosine are useful for treating, improving, and recovering from fatigue.

Provided herein is a novel composition for oral administration and delivery of Noble gas, such as xenon or argon. Methods of treating and preventing neuronal or cardiovascular damage with such compositions are also provided.

Disclosed are methods of using nutritional compositions generally, and infant formulas specifically, to improve cognitive, brain and/or central nervous system development in an individual. The nutritional compositions include a combination of RRR-alpha tocopherol acetate, non-RRR-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers, fat, and protein. The amount of non-RRR alpha tocopherol stereoisomers in the nutritional compositions is limited.

Disclosed are methods of using nutritional compositions generally, and infant formulas specifically, to improve cognitive, brain and/or central nervous system development in an individual. The nutritional compositions include a combination of RRR-alpha tocopherol acetate, non-RRR-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers, fat, and protein. The amount of non-RRR alpha tocopherol stereoisomers in the nutritional compositions is limited.

Fluorine being present in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, and especially krill represents a problem for using krill as a source for food, feed, food additives and/or feed additives. There has been developed a process for removing such fluorine from krill material by subjecting the krill to disintegration and to an enzymatic hydrolysis process prior to or simultaneously with a removal of the exoskeleton particles producing a fluorine-reduced product. Inherent in the disclosed process is the ability to process krill material with a high polar lipid content for producing superior quality, low fluorine, products suitable for the food and feed as well as the pharmaceutical, neutraceutical and cosmetic industry.

Eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against C5 that inhibits terminal complement activation, showed activity in a preliminary 12-week open-label trial in a small cohort of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). The present study examined whether chronic eculizumab therapy could reduce intravascular hemolysis, stabilize hemoglobin levels, reduce transfusion requirements, and improve quality of life in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center global Phase III trial. It has been found that eculizumab stabilized hemoglobin levels, decreased the need for transfusions, and improved quality of life in PNH patients via reduced intravascular hemolysis. Chronic eculizumab treatment appears to be a safe and effective therapy for PNH.

Cysteine compositions comprising less than about 400 g/L of aluminum. For example, solutions of cysteine comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, cysteine, and less than about 145 g/L of aluminum, wherein the solution is devoid of visible particulate matter. Cysteine compositions described herein may be suitable for injection. For example, disclosed cysteine solutions may be provided intravenously to meet amino acid nutritional requirement in individuals receiving total parenteral nutrition. Also provided are processes for preparing cysteine compositions, and methods for providing cysteine to individuals in need thereof.

Cysteine compositions comprising less than about 400 g/L of aluminum. For example, solutions of cysteine comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, cysteine, and less than about 145 g/L of aluminum, wherein the solution is devoid of visible particulate matter. Cysteine compositions described herein may be suitable for injection. For example, disclosed cysteine solutions may be provided intravenously to meet amino acid nutritional requirement in individuals receiving total parenteral nutrition. Also provided are processes for preparing cysteine compositions, and methods for providing cysteine to individuals in need thereof.

Methods of normalizing vitamin B.sub.12 levels in patients with low vitamin B.sub.12 and methods of normalizing intersubject variability in the treatment of such patients are described. Methods of reducing MMA and/or homocysteine levels, and pharmaceutical compositions useful to effect such changes are also described.