Disclosed are preoperative compositions and methods of preparation thereof. The preoperative compositions may be for minimizing thirst, vomiting, insulin resistance, and the like prior to surgery. Such preoperative compositions may also reduce postoperative complications and the need for pain relievers, as well as minimize blood transfusion needed during and after surgery when administered the night before the operation and/or an hour before the operation. The preoperative compositions may include soymilk, isolate milk protein, isolate pea proteins, probiotics, whole milk powder, and micronutrients for example.

A method of treating or preventing mood disorders, mental disorders, and/or chronic fatigue syndrome is provided. The method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more kinds of compounds of the following structure: ##STR00001## wherein R is an alkyloxy group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a halogen group.

The present invention relates to methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in recombinant cells such as yeast or plant cells. Also provided are recombinant cells or plants which produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a group of new enzymes which possess desatorase or elongase activity that can be used in methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

##STR00001##

Use of a compound having the formula (1) (2) (3) or (4) or combinations thereof, for increasing blood ketone levels, and/or treating a disease treatable by increasing blood ketone levels, preferably wherein the disease is selected from the list consisting of: a brain energy deficiency condition, a neurological condition, migraine, memory disorder, age-related memory disorder, brain injury, stroke, amyloid lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment post-intensive care, age-induced cognition impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntingdon's disease, inherited metabolic disorders (such as glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency), depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, narcolepsy, diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are independently a long chain fatty acid having between 16 and 20 carbons.

##STR00001##

Use of a compound having the formula (1) (2) (3) or (4) or combinations thereof, for increasing blood ketone levels, and/or treating a disease treatable by increasing blood ketone levels, preferably wherein the disease is selected from the list consisting of: a brain energy deficiency condition, a neurological condition, migraine, memory disorder, age-related memory disorder, brain injury, stroke, amyloid lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment post-intensive care, age-induced cognition impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntingdon's disease, inherited metabolic disorders (such as glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency), depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, narcolepsy, diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are independently a long chain fatty acid having between 16 and 20 carbons.

Antibody molecules that specifically bind to FGF23 are disclosed. The antibody molecules can be used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose disorders, such as FGF23-associated disorders.

The present disclosure discloses a preparation method of fatty acid-based VC liposomes, and belongs to the field of pharmaceutical preparations. In the disclosure, a complex of industrial conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids with sodium dodecyl sulfate is taken as a capsule material, which is self-assembled to embed vitamin C in an aqueous phase under an acidic condition (pH<7) to form the fatty acid-based vitamin C liposome. The preparation method of the disclosure does not use organic solvents and other substances harmful to the human body, and has the characteristics of safety and health. In addition to VC encapsulation under the acidic condition, the prepared fatty acid-based liposome can play a role in slowly releasing VC.

The present disclosure discloses a preparation method of fatty acid-based VC liposomes, and belongs to the field of pharmaceutical preparations. In the disclosure, a complex of industrial conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids with sodium dodecyl sulfate is taken as a capsule material, which is self-assembled to embed vitamin C in an aqueous phase under an acidic condition (pH<7) to form the fatty acid-based vitamin C liposome. The preparation method of the disclosure does not use organic solvents and other substances harmful to the human body, and has the characteristics of safety and health. In addition to VC encapsulation under the acidic condition, the prepared fatty acid-based liposome can play a role in slowly releasing VC.

The present invention provides a new method and composition to improve the growth, development, and/or nutritional value of a host organism, such as black soldier flies, utilizing oleaginous microbes, such as Arthrobacter and Rhodococcus species, to provide improved feed sources for animals and benefits to agriculture and energy.

Provided herein are compounds, such as compounds of Formula I, that bind to androgen receptors and/or modulate activity of androgen receptors. Also provided are methods for making and using such compounds. Also provided are compositions including such compounds and methods for making and using such compositions. ##STR00001##