Described herein are compounds of Formula I:

##STR00001##

and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, X.sup.1, Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3, Y.sup.4 and Y.sup.5 are defined herein; their use as MC4R antagonists; pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and salts; the use of such compounds and salts to treat, for example, cachexia, anorexia, or anorexia nervosa; and intermediates and processes for preparing such compounds and salts.

Described herein are compounds of Formula I:

##STR00001##

and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, X.sup.1, Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3, Y.sup.4 and Y.sup.5 are defined herein; their use as MC4R antagonists; pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and salts; the use of such compounds and salts to treat, for example, cachexia, anorexia, or anorexia nervosa; and intermediates and processes for preparing such compounds and salts.

A composition containing black ginger extract including black ginger extract, and cyclodextrin. The composition containing black ginger extract includes certain 6 polymethoxyflavones (6PMF). When a total amount of 6PMF in the composition containing black ginger extract is determined as 100 parts by mass, an amount of 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone in the composition containing black ginger extract is 5 parts by mass or less. When absorbance of an aqueous solution of the composition containing black ginger extract, in which a total amount of the 6 polymethoxyflavones is adjusted to a certain amount, is measured, the absorbance of the aqueous solution satisfies P1/V1≥1.45.

There is provided a novel Lactobacillus fermentum strain (Accession No. KCTC 14105BP) and a composition for preventing or treating a metabolic disease including the same. A Lactobacillus fermentum according to the present invention may inhibit fat accumulation in white adipose tissue and increase anti-inflammatory cells. The Lactobacillus fermentum strain may exhibit excellent blood glucose improvement effect, and in particular, may reduce a fasting blood glucose level. The Lactobacillus fermentum strain may effectively ameliorate insulin resistance by improving glucose tolerance and increasing insulin sensitivity. In addition, the Lactobacillus fermentum strain may regulate a concentration of metabolic hormones and adipokines in blood. Therefore, the Lactobacillus fermentum strain may be usefully used to prevent and treat a metabolic disease such as obesity.

There is provided a novel Lactobacillus fermentum strain (Accession No. KCTC 14105BP) and a composition for preventing or treating a metabolic disease including the same. A Lactobacillus fermentum according to the present invention may inhibit fat accumulation in white adipose tissue and increase anti-inflammatory cells. The Lactobacillus fermentum strain may exhibit excellent blood glucose improvement effect, and in particular, may reduce a fasting blood glucose level. The Lactobacillus fermentum strain may effectively ameliorate insulin resistance by improving glucose tolerance and increasing insulin sensitivity. In addition, the Lactobacillus fermentum strain may regulate a concentration of metabolic hormones and adipokines in blood. Therefore, the Lactobacillus fermentum strain may be usefully used to prevent and treat a metabolic disease such as obesity.

The present invention relates to specific doses of and dosing regimens for using a 1,2,4-oxadiazole benzoic acid compound in treating or preventing diseases associated with nonsense mutations. In particular, the invention relates to specific doses and dosing regimens for the use of 3-[5-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-benzoic acid in mammals having diseases associated with nonsense mutations.

Pharmaceutical dosage forms useful for improving the cardiovascular and/or metabolic health of patients, particularly those suffering from type 2 diabetes, are disclosed, as well as methods of their manufacture.

A novel long-acting acylated oxyntomodulin peptide analogue having dual agonism on GLP-1 and glucagon receptors (dual GLP-1R/GlucagonR agonism) and a pharmaceutical composition including the same are disclosed. The novel long-acting acylated oxyntomodulin peptide analogue and the composition are useful for the prevention and treatment of obesity and overweight, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes accompanied by obesity and overweight. The acylated oxyntomodulin peptide analog has dual agonism for GLP-1/glucagon receptors and has an excellent increased in vivo half-life, and the pharmaceutical composition containing the same is useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

A novel long-acting acylated oxyntomodulin peptide analogue having dual agonism on GLP-1 and glucagon receptors (dual GLP-1R/GlucagonR agonism) and a pharmaceutical composition including the same are disclosed. The novel long-acting acylated oxyntomodulin peptide analogue and the composition are useful for the prevention and treatment of obesity and overweight, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes accompanied by obesity and overweight. The acylated oxyntomodulin peptide analog has dual agonism for GLP-1/glucagon receptors and has an excellent increased in vivo half-life, and the pharmaceutical composition containing the same is useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

A method for treating fatty liver disease and related diseases or disorders with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising from about 25 mg to about 1200 mg of (S)-2-(5-((3-ethoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)pyridin-3-yl)-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and from about 5 mg to about 40 mg of 4-(4-(1-Isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carbonyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.