The present invention provides compounds and compositions containing reduced nicotinamide riboside for use in methods of prevention and/or treatment of pancreatic disease and/or conditions. In one embodiment of the invention, said compounds and compositions of the invention maintain or improve pancreatic tissue function. In another embodiment of the invention, compounds and compositions of the invention may be used in methods to prevent and/or treat pancreatic diseases and/or conditions such as: acute or chronic pancreatitis; pancreatitis associated with diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency or hereditary pancreatitis; pancreatic cancer; and/or recovery after pancreatic injury or surgery.

A composition in the form of an injectable aqueous solution, the pH of which is from 3.0 to 4.4, in particular from 3.6 to 4.4, including at least a rapid-acting insulin analog and at least one glucagon suppressor with prandial action. The glucagon suppressor with prandial action is selected from the group consisting of an amylin analog or an amylin receptor agonist or a GLP-1 analog or a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). The glucagon suppressor with prandial action is an amylin analog or an amylin receptor agonist. The glucagon suppressor peptide with prandial action is pramlintide.

A pharmaceutical formulation comprises an insulin analogue or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the insulin analogue or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof contains an insulin A-chain sequence that contains paired Histidine substitutions at A4 and A8, and optionally a substitution at A21. The formulation further contains a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer containing at least about 4 zinc ions per 6 insulin analogue molecules. The formulation forms a long-acting zinc-dependent subcutaneous depot upon subcutaneous injection. In a zinc-free formulation, the insulin analogue monomer exhibits decreased affinity for the Insulin-like Growth Factor receptor and at least 20% of the affinity for the insulin receptor of the same species, in comparison to an otherwise identical insulin or insulin analogue that does not contain the His.sup.A4 and His.sup.A8 substitutions.

The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising PPAR agonists and Nrf2 activators and methods of using combinations of PPAR agonists and Nrf2 activators for treating diseases such as psoriasis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis.

The invention provides FGFR1 agonists, including agonistic anti-FGFR1 antibodies, and methods of using the same.

The present invention has an object providing microparticles having an average particle size of 100 μm or less.

The present invention provides microparticles having an average particle size of 100 μm or less and a method for producing thereof. In addition, the present invention provides medicine, food and feedstuff comprising the microparticles having an average particle size of 100 μm or less.

Provided are crystalline forms of a compound having an inhibitory effect on sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter SGLT2. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions, methods of preparing the crystalline compound, and methods of using the crystalline compound, independently or in combination with other therapeutic agents, for treating diseases and conditions which are affected by SGLT or SGLT2 inhibition.

The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions formulated for direct delivery to the GI tract of a patient comprising an antibody specific for a target apical intestinal receptor. The present invention further provides methods of treating diseases and conditions in a patient comprising administering directly to the GI tract of the patient, compositions of the present invention wherein modulation of the target apical intestinal receptor by the antibody treats the condition.

Described are GCF-8 inhibitors of the formula (I),

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and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein n, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, X and Z are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Such compounds and compositions are useful in methods for inhibiting GDF-8 in a cell and methods for treating a patient suffering from a disease or disorder, wherein the patient would therapeutically benefit from an increase in mass or strength of muscle tissue.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for light-activated cation channel proteins and their uses within cell membranes and subcellular regions. The invention provides for proteins, nucleic acids, vectors and methods for genetically targeted expression of light-activated cation channels to specific cells or defined cell populations. In particular the invention provides millisecond-timescale temporal control of cation channels using moderate light intensities in cells, cell lines, transgenic animals, and humans. The invention provides for optically generating electrical spikes in nerve cells and other excitable cells useful for driving neuronal networks, drug screening, and therapy.