A Y-axis direction moving mechanism that moves a Y-axis carriage includes a right first driving pulley configured to retract and pay out a right first wire and located in a housing, a right first driven pulley on the Y-axis carriage and around which the right first wire is wound, and a Y-axis motor configured to drive and rotate the right first driving pulley. An X-axis direction moving mechanism that moves an X-axis carriage includes a second driving pulley configured to retract and pay out a second wire and on a Y-axis carriage, a second driven pulley on an X-axis carriage and around which the second wire is wound, and an X-axis motor configured to drive and rotate the second driving pulley.

A label modification unit may receive a label modification input that indicates a label modification associated with content being written to a label or erased from the label. The label modification unit may identify an area of the label that is associated with the label modification according to the label modification input. The label modification unit may determine, based on a size of the area, a spot size of a light beam that is configured to be emitted by a laser printhead to modify the content within the area. The label modification unit may determine, based on the spot size and the content, an optical path configuration for the laser printhead. The label modification unit may operate the laser printhead according to the optical path configuration to write the content to the area or erase the content from the area.

A label modification unit may receive a label modification input that indicates a label modification associated with content being written to a label or erased from the label. The label modification unit may identify an area of the label that is associated with the label modification according to the label modification input. The label modification unit may determine, based on a size of the area, a spot size of a light beam that is configured to be emitted by a laser printhead to modify the content within the area. The label modification unit may determine, based on the spot size and the content, an optical path configuration for the laser printhead. The label modification unit may operate the laser printhead according to the optical path configuration to write the content to the area or erase the content from the area.

A printing apparatus, including a laser to treat a substrate by at least partially carbonizing said substrate, where tar-like compounds are formed in the substrate as reaction products of the carbonizing, and an electromagnetic radiator irradiates the reaction products in the substrate to cause at least the tar-like compounds to polymerize and interlink. Further embodiments relate to a printing apparatus, including a laser to treat a substrate, where reaction products are formed in the substrate, and a compressor compresses at least the reaction products in the substrate. An embodiment also relates to a printing method, including at least partially carbonizing a substrate with a laser, forming tar-like compounds as reaction products of the carbonizing in said substrate; compressing the reaction products onto the substrate; and supplying energy to the reaction products that are pressed onto the substrate.

A printing apparatus, including a laser to treat a substrate by at least partially carbonizing said substrate, where tar-like compounds are formed in the substrate as reaction products of the carbonizing, and an electromagnetic radiator irradiates the reaction products in the substrate to cause at least the tar-like compounds to polymerize and interlink. Further embodiments relate to a printing apparatus, including a laser to treat a substrate, where reaction products are formed in the substrate, and a compressor compresses at least the reaction products in the substrate. An embodiment also relates to a printing method, including at least partially carbonizing a substrate with a laser, forming tar-like compounds as reaction products of the carbonizing in said substrate; compressing the reaction products onto the substrate; and supplying energy to the reaction products that are pressed onto the substrate.

A printing apparatus, including: a feed, a printer, a controller configured to control operation of the printer, and a print quality sensor configured to acquire print quality information, where the controller is configured to adapt operation of the printer based on the print quality information. Further embodiment relates to a printing method, including the steps of: printing on a substrate in a printing operation; acquiring print quality information; and adaptation of the printing operation based on the print quality information.

A printing apparatus, including: a feed, a printer, a controller configured to control operation of the printer, and a print quality sensor configured to acquire print quality information, where the controller is configured to adapt operation of the printer based on the print quality information. Further embodiment relates to a printing method, including the steps of: printing on a substrate in a printing operation; acquiring print quality information; and adaptation of the printing operation based on the print quality information.

A liquid ejection head and its manufacturing method are capable of reducing the thickness of a protective layer as compared to the traditional technique so as to efficiently transfer the heat energy generated by a heating resistance element to a droplet of liquid such as ink. To achieve this, power supply wirings are provided in the same layer below the heating resistance element.

An image forming apparatus includes an oscillator configured to oscillate a laser beam, an irradiation portion configured to radiate the laser beam oscillated by the oscillator to an outside, a light absorption unit configured to absorb the laser beam and to convert the laser beam to heat, and a control unit including at least one processor and at least one memory. The control unit is configured to control the irradiation portion to press the irradiation portion against a workpiece via the light absorption unit and irradiating the workpiece with the laser beam via the light absorption unit, so as to perform image forming processing.

A laser device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a light source and a reflection-type polarizer. The light source causes laser light to oscillate. The reflection-type polarizer is disposed on an optical path of the laser light and has a transmission axis coinciding with a polarization direction of the laser light.