Methods of treating diseases and conditions wherein an improvement in cardiac output, organ perfusion, or tissue oxygenation are disclosed. The methods include treatments of diseases and conditions, such as hypovolemic shock, with an a.sub.2 adrenergic agent, like centhaquin and centhaquin citrate. The method utilizes an a.sub.2 adrenergic agent administered at low doses with a low volume of resuscitation fluid. Purified centhaquin and centhaquin citrate also are disclosed.

Succinimide-activated nitroxyl compounds and methods for the synthesis of such compounds are provided. The invention also relates to the use of succinimide-activated nitroxyl compounds to prepare nitroxylated proteins, for example nitroxylated heme proteins (e.g., nitroxylated hemoglobin and nitroxylated myoglobin). The nitroxylated proteins are optionally also conjugated to a polyalkylene oxide (PAO), for example to a polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polynitroxylated heme proteins are useful as oxygen therapeutic agents (OTAs). The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions of the nitroxylated proteins and methods for the use of nitroxylated proteins in the treatment of various conditions.

Described herein are compounds that activate pyruvate kinase R, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof. These compounds are represented by Formula (I): wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, and L.sup.2 are as defined herein.

##STR00001##

An intravenous fluid composition includes sodium chloride and sodium acetate that can provide appropriate sodium load and osmolality, with chloride concentration and pH mimicking normal values in human blood.

An intravenous fluid composition includes sodium chloride and sodium acetate that can provide appropriate sodium load and osmolality, with chloride concentration and pH mimicking normal values in human blood.

A direct sodium removal (“DSR”) infusate regimen and methods of use are provided for removing sodium and reducing fluid overload in patients with severe renal dysfunction and/or heart failure, in which a patient has at least a first DSR session with a first DSR infusate having no or low sodium that is instilled into a patient's peritoneal cavity for a first dwell period to cause sodium and excess fluid to migrate to the patient's peritoneal cavity, and thereafter, the patient may undergo conventional dialysis to rebalance the patient's fluid and sodium levels.

A direct sodium removal (“DSR”) infusate regimen and methods of use are provided for removing sodium and reducing fluid overload in patients with severe renal dysfunction and/or heart failure, in which a patient has at least a first DSR session with a first DSR infusate having no or low sodium that is instilled into a patient's peritoneal cavity for a first dwell period to cause sodium and excess fluid to migrate to the patient's peritoneal cavity, and thereafter, the patient may undergo conventional dialysis to rebalance the patient's fluid and sodium levels.

The invention provides novel compositions of fluorocarbon nanoemulsions comprising one or more of fluorosurfactants and phospholipids, and methods of preparation and use thereof for enhanced oxygen delivery.

Systems and methods for performing Direct Sodium Removal (DSR) therapy are provided in which an implantable device includes a pump coupled to an inlet catheter designed for placement in a patient's peritoneal cavity, an outlet catheter designed to be coupled to the patient's bladder, and is operably coupled to an analyte sensor, the pump programmed to transfer and/or cease transfer of fluid from the patient's peritoneal cavity to the patient's bladder for voiding responsive to a level of analyte detected by the analyte sensor. In addition, the system may include a processor that computes an amount of analyte transferred per pumping session.

Systems and methods for performing Direct Sodium Removal (DSR) therapy are provided in which an implantable device includes a pump coupled to an inlet catheter designed for placement in a patient's peritoneal cavity, an outlet catheter designed to be coupled to the patient's bladder, and is operably coupled to an analyte sensor, the pump programmed to transfer and/or cease transfer of fluid from the patient's peritoneal cavity to the patient's bladder for voiding responsive to a level of analyte detected by the analyte sensor. In addition, the system may include a processor that computes an amount of analyte transferred per pumping session.