The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions of linagliptin, pharmaceutical dosage forms, their preparation, their use and methods for treating metabolic disorders.

Disclosed are the preparing method of a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin compound and a drug composition, and in particular the method of the pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin compounds as shown in formulae (I) to (XVI) in the preparation of a drug for preventing or treating a disease mediated by AMPK and/or ERRα, comprising the preparation of a drug for preventing or treating diseases such as a liver disease, respiratory system disease, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, kidney disease, central nervous system disease or muscular dystrophy. The definition of formulae (I) to (XVI) is the same as the definition in the specification.

##STR00001## ##STR00002## ##STR00003## ##STR00004##

The present invention relates to a non-agonist ligand, particularly an antibody, that specifically binds to MTHFD1L or an oligonucleotide suppressing expression of MTHFD1L for use in treatment of hypertrophic heart disease and failure. The invention also relates to a method for identifying a small-molecule inhibitor of MTHFD1L.

The present invention relates to a non-agonist ligand, particularly an antibody, that specifically binds to MTHFD1L or an oligonucleotide suppressing expression of MTHFD1L for use in treatment of hypertrophic heart disease and failure. The invention also relates to a method for identifying a small-molecule inhibitor of MTHFD1L.

Aspects of the invention relate to novel synthetic compounds having a binding affinity with galectin proteins.

The present invention is directed to antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof having binding specificity for PACAP. The antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof comprise the sequences of the V.sub.H, V.sub.L, and CDR polypeptides described herein, and the polynucleotides encoding them. Antibodies and antigen binding fragments described herein bind to and/or compete for binding to the same linear or conformational epitope(s) on human PACAP as an anti-PACAP antibody. The invention contemplates conjugates of anti-PACAP antibodies and binding fragments thereof conjugated to one or more functional or detectable moieties. Methods of making said anti-PACAP antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof are also contemplated. Other embodiments of the invention contemplate using anti-PACAP antibodies, and binding fragments thereof, for the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of diseases and disorders associated with PACAP and conditions where antagonism of PACAP-related activities, such as vasodilation, photophobia, mast cell degranulation, and/or neuronal activation, would be therapeutically beneficial.

The invention provides a ghrelin molecule for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Acute Heart Failure (AHF) in an individual, as well as corresponding methods and uses. The invention further provides associated compositions and kits of parts, for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of AHF in an individual.

The invention provides a ghrelin molecule for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Acute Heart Failure (AHF) in an individual, as well as corresponding methods and uses. The invention further provides associated compositions and kits of parts, for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of AHF in an individual.

Provided are compounds of Formula (I): ##STR00001##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A, Z, B, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, G.sub.1, G.sub.2, and G.sub.3 are as defined herein. Also provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided are methods of using a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Provided are compounds of Formula (I): ##STR00001##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A, Z, B, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, G.sub.1, G.sub.2, and G.sub.3 are as defined herein. Also provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided are methods of using a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.