A sodium niobate-barium titanate-based coating liquid composition including: (a) a sol-gel raw material containing (i) a niobium component, such as a niobium alkoxide, (ii) a sodium component, such as a sodium alkoxide, (iii) a titanium component, such as a titanium alkoxide, and (iv) a barium component, such as a barium alkoxide; and (b) a compound including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of a β-ketoester compound and a β-diketone compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001## where R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 or more to 6 or less carbon atoms.

A substrate, a diaphragm, and a piezoelectric actuator are laminated in this order in a first direction, the diaphragm includes a first layer containing silicon as a constituent element, a second layer disposed between the first layer and the piezoelectric actuator, and containing any one or both of at least one metal element selected from the group made of chromium, titanium, aluminum, tantalum, hafnium, and iridium, and silicon nitride, as a constituent element, and a third layer disposed between the second layer and the piezoelectric actuator and containing zirconium as a constituent element, and a fourth layer containing any one or both of at least one metal element selected from the group made of chromium, titanium, aluminum, tantalum, hafnium, and iridium, and silicon nitride, as a constituent element is provided on the third layer on a piezoelectric actuator side.

A recording method includes an adhesion step of ejecting an ink composition from an ink jet head to be adhered to a recording medium; and a primary heating step of heating the adhered ink composition, and the adhesion step includes at least one main scanning in which while a relative position of the ink jet head and the recording medium is changed in a main scanning direction, the ink composition is adhered to the recording medium and at least one sub-scanning in which the relative position of the ink jet head and the recording medium is changed in a sub-scanning direction. In the recording method described above, the number of the main scannings performed on the same recording region of the recording medium is 5 or less, the ink composition is a water-based ink containing a pigment, a resin, and an organic solvent, and in a chart of logarithmic attenuation with temperature obtained by measurement of the ink composition using a rigid-body pendulum characteristics test, the ink composition has a temperature of a first thickening peak of 30° C. to 65° C. and a temperature of a maximum thickening peak of 70° C. or more.

A piezoelectric element includes a piezoelectric layer formed as a stacked structure of first, second, and third piezoelectric films. The first piezoelectric film is formed on a first electrode. The second piezoelectric film is formed on the first piezoelectric film. The third piezoelectric film is formed on the second piezoelectric film. Each of the first, second, and third piezoelectric films includes potassium, sodium, and niobium. A second electrode is formed on the piezoelectric layer. A concentration of sodium in the first piezoelectric film is greater than a concentration of sodium in the second piezoelectric film. The concentration of sodium in the second piezoelectric film is greater than a concentration of sodium in the third piezoelectric film.

A thermal bend actuator includes: a thermoelastic beam for connection to drive circuitry; and a passive beam mechanically cooperating with the thermoelastic beam, such that when a current is passed through the thermoelastic beam, the thermoelastic beam expands relative to the passive beam resulting in bending of the actuator. The thermoelastic beam wherein the thermoelastic beam is comprised of an aluminium alloy. The aluminium alloy comprises a first metal which is aluminium, a second metal, and at least 0.1 at. % of a third metal selected from the group consisting of: copper, scandium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, silicon and magnesium.

A liquid ejecting head includes a pressure compartment forming substrate, a piezoelectric actuator, a sealing plate, and a flexible wiring board. A pressure compartment is formed in the pressure compartment forming substrate. The piezoelectric actuator is disposed over the pressure compartment. The sealing plate has an opening going from a first surface, which is farther from the pressure compartment, to a second surface, which is closer to the pressure compartment. The sealing plate is configured to cover the piezoelectric actuator located in a first direction with respect to the opening. The flexible wiring board is inserted in the opening and is electrically coupled to the piezoelectric actuator. A first opening width of the opening at the first surface in the first direction is greater than a second opening width of the opening at the second surface in the first direction.

A wafer structure is disclosed and includes a chip substrate and a plurality of inkjet chips. The chip substrate is a silicon substrate fabricated by a semiconductor process. At least one inkjet chip is directly formed on the chip substrate by the semiconductor process and diced into the at least one inkjet chip for inkjet printing. Each of the inkjet chip includes a plurality of ink-drop generators produced by a semiconductor process and formed on the chip substrate. Each of the ink-drop generators includes a thermal-barrier layer, a resistance heating layer, a conductive layer, a protective layer, a barrier layer, an ink-supply chamber and a nozzle.

A liquid ejecting head includes a piezoelectric device including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer, a vibration plate that is deformed when the piezoelectric device is driven, a pressure chamber plate including a pressure chamber whose volume is changed by deformation of the vibration plate, a wiring board, an individual lead electrode through which the wiring board and the first electrode are electrically coupled to each other, a common lead electrode through which the wiring board and the second electrode are electrically coupled to each other, and a resistance wire electrically coupled to the wiring board and used to determine temperature in the pressure chamber.

Provided is a piezoelectric material which is free of lead, has small temperature dependence of a piezoelectric constant and has a satisfactory piezoelectric constant. The piezoelectric material includes: an oxide having a perovskite-type structure containing Ba, Ca, Ti, and Zr; Mn; Bi; and W, wherein a ratio of the sum of the Ba and the Ca with respect to the sum of the Ti and the Zr is 0.986 or more and 1.02 or less, and wherein, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the oxide, a content of the Mn is 0.040 part by mass or more and 0.360 part by mass or less, a content of the Bi is 0.050 part by mass or more and 0.240 part by mass or less, and a content of the W is 0.100 part by mass or more and 0.380 part by mass or less.

A composite photoresist material and method of making the composite photoresist material. The composite photoresist material includes: a photoresist layer devoid of a phenoxy resin, and a photoresist layer containing a phenoxy resin.