The present invention provides compounds and compositions thereof which are useful as inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and which exhibit desirable characteristics for the same.

Methods and compositions are provided for treating weight related conditions and metabolic disorders by altering microbiota in a subject. One aspect provides methods and compositions to alter microbiota in a subject by administering to the subject a composition that includes a substantially purified microbiota from phyla such as Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia or orders such as Bacteroidales, Verrucomicrobiales, Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales or genera such as Alistipes, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Akkermansia. Another aspect includes a pharmaceutical composition for altering microbiota that includes a therapeutically effective amount of substantially purified microbiota and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Yet another aspect includes methods for treating a disorder, such as obesity, in a subject in need of such treatment by changing relative abundance of microbiota in a gastrointestinal tract of the subject without or in addition to a surgical procedure.

The present invention provides a method for preparing a pyrrolopyrimidine compound and application thereof. Specifically, the present invention provides a compound represented by formula I or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound or its salts, and a method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition and an application of the pharmaceutical composition as an immunosuppressive drug. ##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a method for treating an osteoarthritis in a subject in need thereof. The method mainly includes administering to the subject an effective amount of isolated mitochondria. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the isolated mitochondria are administered to the subject in need in the amount of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.

Disclosed herein is a method for treating an osteoarthritis in a subject in need thereof. The method mainly includes administering to the subject an effective amount of isolated mitochondria. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the isolated mitochondria are administered to the subject in need in the amount of about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.

The present invention relates to extracts from Fraxinus angustifolia samara, processes for providing such extracts, and methods and uses of the extracts obtained. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of such extracts in reversing obesity-related and/or metabolic syndrome-related gut microbiota dysbiosis treatment, treating or preventing hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and modulating and/or adjusting gut microbiota.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating one or more phenotypes of a macrophage-related cell, e.g., a macrophage. The invention further provides methods of treating disease by modulating macrophage phenotype. Representative phenotypes include pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, immunogenic, tolerogenic, tissue-destructive, tissue restorative, cytotoxic, migratory, bone-resorbing, pro-angiogenic, anti-angiogenic, suppressor, antigen presentation, or phagocytic. Representative diseases include atherosclerosis, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

The invention relates generally to methods and compositions for treating conditions associated with angiogenesis, and, more specifically, the invention relates to methods and compositions for treating conditions associated with angiogenesis using vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors. The invention also relates to methods and compositions for treating conditions associated with lymphangiogenesis using VAP-1 inhibitors.

This invention provides, but is not limited to, novel oleanolic acid derivatives having the formula:

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wherein the variables are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions, kits and articles of manufacture comprising such compounds, methods and intermediates useful for making the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions.

The present invention provides novel compounds useful as proteasome inhibitors. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of various diseases.