Provided herein are 6-carboxylic acids of benzimidazoles and 4-aza-, 5-aza-, 7-aza- and 4,7-diaza-benzimidazoles as GLP-1R agonists, processes to make said compounds, and methods comprising administering said compounds to a mammal in need thereof.

Provided herein are 6-carboxylic acids of benzimidazoles and 4-aza-, 5-aza-, 7-aza- and 4,7-diaza-benzimidazoles as GLP-1R agonists, processes to make said compounds, and methods comprising administering said compounds to a mammal in need thereof.

Provided herein are small molecule modulators of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions comprising the compounds.

Provided herein are small molecule modulators of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions comprising the compounds.

Provided are a xanthine amide hydrolase and the use thereof, particularly the use thereof for treating gout.

Provided are a xanthine amide hydrolase and the use thereof, particularly the use thereof for treating gout.

The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing gout or hyperuricemia, the pharmaceutical composition including a compound represented by General Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 represents an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl group, R.sup.2 represents a cyano group or a nitro group, R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group, X represents an oxygen atom or —S(O).sub.n—, n represents an integer of 0 to 2, and Y represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The disclosure provides methods of treating gout in renal transplant recipients comprising administering pegloticase as described herein. Also provided are methods of reducing immunogenicity of pegloticase and prolonging the urate lowering effect comprising administration of pegloticase. Also provided are methods of preserving kidney function as a result of administration of the pegloticase.

The disclosure provides methods of treating gout in renal transplant recipients comprising administering pegloticase as described herein. Also provided are methods of reducing immunogenicity of pegloticase and prolonging the urate lowering effect comprising administration of pegloticase. Also provided are methods of preserving kidney function as a result of administration of the pegloticase.

The disclosure provides methods of treating gout in patients comprising administering a PEGylated uricase. Also provided are methods of treating gout in patients comprising co-administering a PEGylated uricase and methotrexate (MTX). Also provided are methods of reducing immunogenicity of a PEGylated uricase and prolonging the urate lowering effect comprising co-administration of the PEGylated uricase and MTX.