The invention relates generally to the field of medical treatment. More particularly, the invention relates to treating a subject in order to reduce levels of triglycerides or cortisol by the administration of pharmaceutical formulations.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing a novel composition which can make a contribution to athletic ability enhancement. The present invention provides an athletic ability enhancing composition including α-cyclodextrin as an active ingredient. The athletic ability enhancement includes at least one effect selected from among physical strength improvement, anti-fatigue, and fatigue feeling mitigation. In addition, the athletic ability enhancement also includes suppressing an increase in heart rate during exercise. Furthermore, provided is a composition which is for proliferating Bacteroides uniformis in the intestinal tract and includes α-cyclodextrin as an active ingredient. In the present invention, α-cyclodextrin is preferably administered in an amount of 0.01 mg/kg body weight to 200 mg/kg body weight per day, and preferably administered for at least seven days.

A composition comprising one or more polyphenols, such as oleuropein, rutin, curcumin or quercetin, can treat or prevent sarcopenia, reduce a loss of muscle functionality (e.g. muscle strength, gait speed, etc.), increase muscle functionality, and/or improve recovery of muscle functionality after muscle atrophy. The composition can be administered to an individual who is elderly and/or frail.

Provided herein are compounds, such as compounds of Formula I, that bind to androgen receptors and/or modulate activity of androgen receptors. Also provided are methods for making and using such compounds. Also provided are compositions including such compounds and methods for making and using such compositions. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to use of a composition comprising D-glyceric acid (DGA), DL-glyceric acid, L-glyceric acid, or hydroxypyruvatic acid and/or their salts or esters. Further, the invention relates to the use of said composition for enhancing direct and indirect mitochondrial metabolism, e.g. the ATP producing electron transport system (ETS), citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, (TCA), and beta oxidation, and also enhancing the shuttling of reducing equivalents from mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol and protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Directly related to the above the use of DGA relates also to reducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alleviating, preventing and even healing effects towards extremely wide range of non-communicable diseases materializes.

Nutritive polypeptides are provided herein. Also provided are various other embodiments including nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides, recombinant microorganisms that make the polypeptides, vectors for expressing the polypeptides, methods of making the polypeptides using recombinant microorganisms, compositions and formulations that comprise the polypeptides, and methods of using the polypeptides, compositions and formulations.

The present invention relates to novel depside trimeric compounds for improving skeletal muscle plasticity regeneration to maintain or increase muscle function and/or muscle mass by modulating muscle stem cells. For example, the present invention is useful for subjects to promote muscle repair and/or subjects suffering from precachexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, myopathy, dystrophy and/or recovery after muscle injury or surgery.

The present invention relates to novel depside trimeric compounds for improving skeletal muscle plasticity regeneration to maintain or increase muscle function and/or muscle mass by modulating muscle stem cells. For example, the present invention is useful for subjects to promote muscle repair and/or subjects suffering from precachexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, myopathy, dystrophy and/or recovery after muscle injury or surgery.

Provided herein are compositions for preventing or treating muscle conditions such as muscle damage, injury, or atrophy. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) compound and a myotoxin. In some embodiments, the muscle damage, injury, or atrophy is the result of a nerve injury, a surgical procedure, or a traumatic injury. Methods of promoting muscle regeneration and methods of increasing muscle mass are also provided herein.

Provided herein are compositions for preventing or treating muscle conditions such as muscle damage, injury, or atrophy. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) compound and a myotoxin. In some embodiments, the muscle damage, injury, or atrophy is the result of a nerve injury, a surgical procedure, or a traumatic injury. Methods of promoting muscle regeneration and methods of increasing muscle mass are also provided herein.