A method and system is provided for determining a discrimination index in a subject that may be suffering from or at risk for a stress-induced psychiatric disorder. The discrimination index may be equal to a ratio of a subject's cued fear response and non-cued fear response measured during a fear-potentiated startle (FPS) paradigm. Such a value may allow a physician or researcher to quantify how well a subject discriminates between signaled (cued) fear and un-signaled (non-cued) fear, which may be a biomarker for psychiatric disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. The determined discrimination index may provide a standardized way of diagnosing and evaluating mental illnesses, more uniform treatment of patients, and/or more precise monitoring and evaluation of treatment efficacy.

Disclosed herein are salts and solid forms of MDMA, (R)-MDMA, (S)-MDMA, MDE, S-MDE, R-MDE, MDAI, MBDB, S-MBDB, R-MBDB, MEAI, and 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-aminoindane, including salts, solid forms of the compound and salts thereof, as well as polymorphs of solid forms. The solid forms disclosed herein may have improved properties, such as improved physical, chemical, and/or pharmacokinetic properties. Also disclosed are methods for making the salts and solid forms and methods for administering the same. The disclosed salt and solid forms of MDMA, (R)-MDMA, (S)-MDMA, MDE, S-MDE, R-MDE, MDAI, MBDB, S-MBDB, R-MBDB, MEAI, and 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-aminoindane may be useful for treating neurological disease and/or a psychiatric disorder in a subject.

Disclosed herein are salts and solid forms of MDMA, (R)-MDMA, (S)-MDMA, MDE, S-MDE, R-MDE, MDAI, MBDB, S-MBDB, R-MBDB, MEAI, and 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-aminoindane, including salts, solid forms of the compound and salts thereof, as well as polymorphs of solid forms. The solid forms disclosed herein may have improved properties, such as improved physical, chemical, and/or pharmacokinetic properties. Also disclosed are methods for making the salts and solid forms and methods for administering the same. The disclosed salt and solid forms of MDMA, (R)-MDMA, (S)-MDMA, MDE, S-MDE, R-MDE, MDAI, MBDB, S-MBDB, R-MBDB, MEAI, and 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-aminoindane may be useful for treating neurological disease and/or a psychiatric disorder in a subject.

A composition for use in psychotherapeutic or medical treatment of an R(−) enantiomer of MDMA or MDA. A method of treating an individual for a medical condition (especially autism and social anxiety disorders), by administering an effective amount of a composition of an R(−) enantiomer of MDMA or MDA and treating the individual. A method of reducing neurotoxicity of MDMA and MDA, by administering an effective amount of a composition of an R(−) enantiomer of MDMA or MDA to an individual and reducing neurotoxicity of MDMA or MDA while treating the individual. A method of reducing hyperthermia of MDMA and MDA. A method of reducing physical dependence or abuse liability of MDMA and MDA.

A composition for use in psychotherapeutic or medical treatment of an R(−) enantiomer of MDMA or MDA. A method of treating an individual for a medical condition (especially autism and social anxiety disorders), by administering an effective amount of a composition of an R(−) enantiomer of MDMA or MDA and treating the individual. A method of reducing neurotoxicity of MDMA and MDA, by administering an effective amount of a composition of an R(−) enantiomer of MDMA or MDA to an individual and reducing neurotoxicity of MDMA or MDA while treating the individual. A method of reducing hyperthermia of MDMA and MDA. A method of reducing physical dependence or abuse liability of MDMA and MDA.

L-serine, L-serine precursors, L-serine derivatives and L-serine conjugates for treatment, amelioration and/or prevention of protein aggregation/tangles/plaques and diseases associated with protein aggregation/tangles/plaques. In particular, treatments and uses for L-serine, L-serine precursors, L-serine derivatives and L-serine conjugates include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease (HD).

A valerian composition includes valerian and an acidifying agent blended together in a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrogel-forming polymer matrix. An expedited release portion of the dosage form includes 5% to 50% of the valerian and is effective to release the valerian therein within 2 hours from placement in a 0.1 N HCl solution. A sustained release portion of the dosage form includes the remainder of the valerian and is effective to release the valerian therein within 10 hours from placement in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8.

A valerian composition includes valerian and an acidifying agent blended together in a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrogel-forming polymer matrix. An expedited release portion of the dosage form includes 5% to 50% of the valerian and is effective to release the valerian therein within 2 hours from placement in a 0.1 N HCl solution. A sustained release portion of the dosage form includes the remainder of the valerian and is effective to release the valerian therein within 10 hours from placement in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8.

The present embodiments are directed, in part, to 5-membered aza-heterocyclic containing delta-opioid receptor modulating compounds, such as those of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof for modulating the activity of delta opioid receptor, biased and/or unbiased, and/or methods for treating pain, migraines, headaches, depression, Parkinson's Disease, anxiety, and/or overactive bladder, and other disorders and conditions described herein or any combination thereof.

The present embodiments are directed, in part, to 5-membered aza-heterocyclic containing delta-opioid receptor modulating compounds, such as those of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof for modulating the activity of delta opioid receptor, biased and/or unbiased, and/or methods for treating pain, migraines, headaches, depression, Parkinson's Disease, anxiety, and/or overactive bladder, and other disorders and conditions described herein or any combination thereof.