Provided are topical analgesic gel compositions having relatively high payloads of menthol and camphor by micro-emulsion technology and methods of preparing topical analgesic gel compositions having relatively high payloads of menthol and camphor. Topical analgesic gel compositions may include from 12 to 16 wt. % menthol; from 4 to 8 wt. % camphor; from 0.1 to 2 wt. % carbomer; and 60 to 70 wt. % solvent. Topical analgesic gel compositions can have a viscosity from 60,000 to 110,000 centipoise.

Optimized inhibitory nucleic acids are provided. The nucleic acids have sequences which include an optimal inhibitory motif, such as GGG. Related methods are also described.

A method of treating a subject suffering from mental disorder including the step of administering an effective amount of a cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof to the subject. A method of treating a subject suffering from pain associated with nerve injury including the step of administering an effective amount of a cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof to the subject. A pharmaceutical composition including the cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof as active ingredient, one or more antidepressant compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

A method of treating a subject suffering from mental disorder including the step of administering an effective amount of a cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof to the subject. A method of treating a subject suffering from pain associated with nerve injury including the step of administering an effective amount of a cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof to the subject. A pharmaceutical composition including the cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof as active ingredient, one or more antidepressant compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Disclosed is an RNA aptamer, a synthetic oligonucleotide of 2-fluoro-modified A, U, and C nucleotides, with improved stability compared to its unmodified counterpart. Like the unmodified aptamer, however, the modified version is a potent glutamate receptor antagonist. Additionally, the RNA aptamers described herein are water soluble by nature, and generally exhibit nano- to micromolar potency making them potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurological disorders involving glutamate receptor activity.

Disclosed is an RNA aptamer, a synthetic oligonucleotide of 2-fluoro-modified A, U, and C nucleotides, with improved stability compared to its unmodified counterpart. Like the unmodified aptamer, however, the modified version is a potent glutamate receptor antagonist. Additionally, the RNA aptamers described herein are water soluble by nature, and generally exhibit nano- to micromolar potency making them potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurological disorders involving glutamate receptor activity.

Sustained release oral dosage forms of a gabapentin prodrug, 1-{[(-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl]aminomethyl}-1-cyclohexane acetic acid, are disclosed. The dosage forms are useful for treating or preventing diseases and disorders for which gabapentin is therapeutically effective.

This invention relates to compounds that are agonists of the muscarinic M1 receptor and/or M4 receptor and which are useful in the treatment of muscarinic M1/M4 receptor mediated diseases. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and the therapeutic uses of the compounds. Compounds include those according to formula 1, or a salt thereof, wherein Q, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are as defined herein.

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An injection device for delivering an injection comprises a housing having a longitudinal axis, a proximal end and a distal end, the housing being arranged such that the injection is delivered from its distal end; and a release mechanism comprising an impediment, the release mechanism being moveable between a first position, in which the impediment is in an impeding position so as to impede the delivery of the injection, and a second position, in which the impediment is in a non-impeding position so as to not impede the delivery of the injection, wherein the force required to move the release mechanism from the first position to the second position varies with the distance moved by the release mechanism, the variation in the force required with distance being represented by a force profile, which is non-linear.

Uncoupling of respiration is a well-recognized process that increases respiration and heat production in cells. Provided herein are chemical uncouplers of respiration that are compounds of Formula (I). Also provided are methods for preventing or treating metabolic disorders and modulating metabolic processes using compound of Formula (I).