A method for preparing a solar cell includes: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, forming a perovskite absorption layer, having a first side facing away from the separation auxiliary layer and a second side opposite to the first side and including a bonding matrix and monocrystal perovskite particles, over the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles having first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces protruding from the bonding matrix on the first and second side respectively, and a functional layer formed over a respective monocrystal perovskite particle; forming a first carrier transport layer on the first side of the perovskite absorption layer; forming a first conductive layer over the first carrier transport layer; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the second side of the perovskite absorption layer.

A method for preparing a solar cell includes: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, forming a perovskite absorption layer, having a first side facing away from the separation auxiliary layer and a second side opposite to the first side and including a bonding matrix and monocrystal perovskite particles, over the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles having first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces protruding from the bonding matrix on the first and second side respectively, and a functional layer formed over a respective monocrystal perovskite particle; forming a first carrier transport layer on the first side of the perovskite absorption layer; forming a first conductive layer over the first carrier transport layer; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the second side of the perovskite absorption layer.

A multijunction solar cell including an upper first solar subcell having an emitter and base layers forming a photoelectric junction; a second solar subcell disposed under and adjacent to the upper first solar subcell, and having an emitter and base layers forming a photoelectric junction; and a third solar subcell disposed under and adjacent to the second solar subcell and having an emitter and base layers forming a photoelectric junction; wherein at least one of the base and emitter layers of at least a particular solar subcell from among the upper first solar subcell, the second solar subcell, and the third solar subcell has a graded band gap throughout at least a portion of thickness of its active layer adjacent to the photoelectric junction and being in a range of 20 to 300 MeV greater than a band gap in the active layer in both the emitter layer and the base layer spaced away from the photoelectric junction.

A solar cell according to an embodiment includes a p-electrode, an n-electrode, a p-type light-absorbing layer on the p-electrode, and an n-type layer between the p-type light-absorbing layer and the n-electrode. A first region is included in the p-type light-absorbing layer from a surface on the n-type layer side toward the p-electrode. The first region includes n-type dopant. A thickness of the first region is 1500 [nm] or more and a thickness of the p-type light-absorbing layer [nm]. A concentration of the n-type dopant of the first region is 1.010.sup.14 [cm.sup.3] or more and 1.010.sup.19 [cm.sup.3] or less. The concentration of the n-type dopant of the first region and a concentration of hole of the first region satisfy 10 the concentration of the n-type dopant/the concentration of hole 5.010.sup.26.

An electrolyser includes an electrolysis assembly having an electrolysis cell configured to generate an electrolysis product from a supply medium. The electrolyser has a multi-junction photovoltaic cell having multiple p-n junctions and a regulation assembly having an electric power converter configured to convert at least a part of the electrical energy generated by the multi-junction photovoltaic cell according to requirements of the electrolysis assembly so as to provide an energy supply for the electrolysis assembly.

A method for manufacturing a solar cell includes: forming a first photoelectric conversion part including a photoelectric conversion layer including a perovskite compound, a first transport layer, and a second transport layer; and forming a first electrode electrically connected to the first photoelectric conversion part and forming a second electrode electrically connected to the first photoelectric conversion part. The formation of the first photoelectric conversion part includes: forming a first film using a first material constituting the perovskite compound; spraying a second material constituting the perovskite compound on the first film to form a second film; performing a first heat treatment to diffuse the first film and the second film to form the perovskite compound; and performing washing to remove the residual second film residual on the perovskite compound.

A method for preparing a solar cell includes: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, forming a perovskite absorption layer, having a first side facing away from the separation auxiliary layer and a second side opposite to the first side and including a bonding matrix and monocrystal perovskite particles, over the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles having first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces protruding from the bonding matrix on the first and second side respectively, and a functional layer formed over a portion of the monocrystal perovskite particles; forming a first carrier transport layer and a first conductive layer sequentially on the first side of the perovskite absorption layer; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the second side of the perovskite absorption layer.

A method for preparing a solar cell includes: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, forming a perovskite absorption layer, having a first side facing away from the separation auxiliary layer and a second side opposite to the first side and including a bonding matrix and monocrystal perovskite particles, over the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles having first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces protruding from the bonding matrix on the first and second side respectively, and a functional layer formed over a portion of the monocrystal perovskite particles; forming a first carrier transport layer and a first conductive layer sequentially on the first side of the perovskite absorption layer; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the second side of the perovskite absorption layer.

A semiconductor device and a solar cell each having a bonding structure improving reliability of the semiconductor device or the solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. A semiconductor device or a solar cell includes: a first semiconductor element SB1 including a silicon layer and having a first bonding surface; a second semiconductor element SB2 having a second bonding surface facing the first bonding surface; and a plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 positioned between the first bonding surface and the second bonding surface and electrically connecting the first semiconductor element SB1 and the second semiconductor element SB2 to each other, and the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 intrude into the silicon layer. In addition, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device or a solar cell includes: a step of preparing a first semiconductor element SB1 and a second semiconductor element SB2; a step of arranging a plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 on a first bonding surface of the first semiconductor element SB1; a step of intruding the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 into the silicon layer; and then, a step of facing and pressing the second bonding surface to and against the first bonding surface through the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 therebetween.

A solar cell includes a first photoelectric conversion part, a second photoelectric conversion part, a side insulating layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first photoelectric conversion part includes a photoelectric conversion layer composed of a perovskite compound, a first transport layer on one side of the photoelectric conversion layer, and a second transport layer on the other side of the photoelectric conversion layer. The second photoelectric conversion part is arranged below the second transport layer and has a different material or structure from the first photoelectric conversion part. The side insulating layer is formed as a side surface surrounding the first photoelectric conversion part. The first electrode is electrically connected to the first photoelectric conversion part on one surface of the first photoelectric conversion part serving as a light-receiving surface. The second electrode is electrically connected to a bottom of the second photoelectric conversion part.