A suspension system of a vehicle includes: an unsprung mass of a vehicle; a sprung mass of the vehicle; at least one transverse leaf spring coupled between the unsprung mass of the vehicle and the sprung mass of the vehicle; and a linear actuator coupled in parallel with the at least one transverse leaf spring between the unsprung mass of the vehicle and the sprung mass of the vehicle and configured to modify vibrational characteristics of the vehicle.

An apparatus and methods are provided for a modular front drivetrain comprising a single assembly that may be installed onto and removed from a vehicle. The modular front drivetrain comprises a modular chassis supporting a transaxle, a front differential, and a steering gear for operating front wheels of the vehicle. The transaxle, the front differential and drive axles convey torque from an engine onboard the vehicle to the front wheels. A spindle assembly is coupled with each front wheel of the vehicle and pivotally joined with the modular chassis by way of a front suspension system. Steering rods coupled with the spindle assemblies horizontally rotate the front wheels according to operation of a steering wheel onboard the vehicle. The modular front drivetrain advantageously facilitates replacing an entire drivetrain and suspension assembly quickly and easily in the event of a part failure during racing applications.

An apparatus and methods are provided for a modular front drivetrain comprising a single assembly that may be installed onto and removed from a vehicle. The modular front drivetrain comprises a modular chassis supporting a transaxle, a front differential, and a steering gear for operating front wheels of the vehicle. The transaxle, the front differential and drive axles convey torque from an engine onboard the vehicle to the front wheels. A spindle assembly is coupled with each front wheel of the vehicle and pivotally joined with the modular chassis by way of a front suspension system. Steering rods coupled with the spindle assemblies horizontally rotate the front wheels according to operation of a steering wheel onboard the vehicle. The modular front drivetrain advantageously facilitates replacing an entire drivetrain and suspension assembly quickly and easily in the event of a part failure during racing applications.

An apparatus includes an electric motor including a stator and a translator; a three-phase inverter electrically coupled to the electric motor; a power source electrically coupled to the three-phase inverter; and a controller communicatively coupled to the three-phase inverter. The controller is programmed to determine at least three measurements at different times of flux linkage from the electric motor, represent the measurements in Clarke coordinates, determine Clarke coordinates of a center of a circle defined by the Clarke coordinates of the measurements, and determine a position of the translator relative to the stator based on the Clarke coordinates of the center of the circle.

A top mount assembly includes an upper plate having a first bushing accommodation portion formed to protrude upward at a center portion; a lower plate disposed below the upper plate and having a second bushing accommodation portion formed to protrude downward at a center portion; a rubber bushing accommodated in an accommodation space defined by the first bushing accommodation portion and the second bushing accommodation portion when the upper plate and the lower plate are coupled to each other; a plurality of bolts coupled to the lower plate and the upper plate so as to protrude upward from the upper plate; an upper housing integrally coupled to the lower plate and the plurality of bolts below the lower plate by an insert injection molding; a lower housing coupled to the upper housing from below the upper housing; and a bearing interposed between the upper housing and the lower housing.

A top mount assembly includes an upper plate having a first bushing accommodation portion formed to protrude upward at a center portion; a lower plate disposed below the upper plate and having a second bushing accommodation portion formed to protrude downward at a center portion; a rubber bushing accommodated in an accommodation space defined by the first bushing accommodation portion and the second bushing accommodation portion when the upper plate and the lower plate are coupled to each other; a plurality of bolts coupled to the lower plate and the upper plate so as to protrude upward from the upper plate; an upper housing integrally coupled to the lower plate and the plurality of bolts below the lower plate by an insert injection molding; a lower housing coupled to the upper housing from below the upper housing; and a bearing interposed between the upper housing and the lower housing.

A suspension thrust bearing device for use with a suspension spring in an automotive suspension strut of a vehicle. The device provides a bearing having upper and lower annular bearing members in relative rotation, lower bearing member having a lower cup having at least one protruding indexation element. The device also provides a damping element made of resilient material and interposed between the lower cup and the suspension spring. The indexation element is made of a different material than that of the lower cup, the lower cup being made of a rigid plastic material and the indexation element being made of a resilient material.

A suspension thrust bearing device for use with a suspension spring in an automotive suspension strut of a vehicle. The device provides a bearing having upper and lower annular bearing members in relative rotation, lower bearing member having a lower cup having at least one protruding indexation element. The device also provides a damping element made of resilient material and interposed between the lower cup and the suspension spring. The indexation element is made of a different material than that of the lower cup, the lower cup being made of a rigid plastic material and the indexation element being made of a resilient material.

An electrically powered suspension system includes: an electromagnetic actuator; an information acquisition unit configured to acquire time-series information related to stroke position of the electromagnetic actuator, information on stroke velocity, and an amount of change in stroke of the electromagnetic actuator and information on a stroke direction based on the time-series information; a damping force calculation unit configured to calculate target damping force based on the information on the stroke velocity; and a drive control unit configured to control driving of the electromagnetic actuator using target driving force obtained based on the target damping force. The damping force calculation unit calculates equivalent friction compensation force based on the amount of change in the stroke and the information on the stroke direction, and corrects the target damping force based on the calculated equivalent friction compensation force. The equivalent friction compensation force has elastic force component and dynamic friction force component.

An electrically powered suspension system includes: an electromagnetic actuator; an information acquisition unit configured to acquire time-series information related to stroke position of the electromagnetic actuator, information on stroke velocity, and an amount of change in stroke of the electromagnetic actuator and information on a stroke direction based on the time-series information; a damping force calculation unit configured to calculate target damping force based on the information on the stroke velocity; and a drive control unit configured to control driving of the electromagnetic actuator using target driving force obtained based on the target damping force. The damping force calculation unit calculates equivalent friction compensation force based on the amount of change in the stroke and the information on the stroke direction, and corrects the target damping force based on the calculated equivalent friction compensation force. The equivalent friction compensation force has elastic force component and dynamic friction force component.