An electrical adapter for electrically connecting a control unit of a heating device to an electric energy source and to an electrical signal source. The adapter may include a support, an electrical signal line, a first electrical supply line, a second electrical supply line, and a filter device. The signal line and the supply lines may be embedded in a plastic material of the support. Ends of the signal line may merge into a signal input connection and into a signal output connection. Ends of the supply lines may merge into a first and second electrical supply input connection and into a first and second electrical supply output connection. The filter device may be configured to filter an electric supply current conducted via the supply lines. The filter device may include a first and second electrical filter connection via which the filter device is electrically connected to the supply lines.

A radiation heating device includes: a planar heat generation layer; a heat generation portion that is provided in the heat generation layer and that generates heat by energization; a plurality of heat radiation portions that are disposed in the heat generation layer and that radiate heat transferred from the heat generation portion; a low heat conduction portion that is provided around each of the heat radiation portions and that has a lower heat conductivity than the heat radiation portions; and a contact detection unit that detects contact of an object with the heat generation layer. The radiation heating device further includes an energization amount decrease unit that decreases an energization amount of the heat generation portion when the contact detection unit detects the contact of the object with the heat generation layer.

A heater is installed indoors and heated to a target temperature. The heater is controlled by a controller. The controller has a regular control module which heats the heater to reach the target temperature. In addition, the controller has a suppressive control module which heats the heater to a suppressed temperature lower than the target temperature by electric power suppressed so that surface moisture adhering on the surface of the heater is decreased. When an activation of the heater is ordered, the heater is heated by the suppressive control module, after that, the heater is heated by the regular control module. The surface moisture is decreased by the suppressed temperature. Therefore, generating rapid boiling and/or rapid evaporation of the surface moisture by the target temperature may be suppressed.

A radiation heater apparatus has a plurality of heat radiation parts and a plurality of heating parts. A low thermal conductive part is formed between adjacent two of the heat radiation parts. The low thermal conductive part is provided with resin material which mainly forms a substrate part. The low thermal conductive part thermally isolates the heat radiation part by surrounding a periphery of the heat radiation part. As a body contacts with the surface of the apparatus, the thermal energy of specific heat radiation part directly under the body dissipates heat to the body. Furthermore, heat transfer from the periphery of the specific heat radiation part to the specific heat radiation part is reduced by the low thermal conductive part.

Methods for fastening or coupling dissimilar materials to each other may include providing a first component with a first through hole and a second component with a second through hole that is at least partly aligned with the first through hole. A mixture including a first material and a second material may be injected into the aligned through holes of the first component and the second component. The mixture of the first material and the second material may expand in the through holes, e.g., due to a chemical reaction, thereby connecting the first component and the second component together.

A heater assembly includes a base panel; a heating member disposed behind the base panel opposite a heating target space; a thermal conductive film having a film shape, attached to an outer surface facing the heating target space of the base panel, and transmitting heat of the heating member to the outer surface of the base panel by having an end portion extending behind the base panel and coupled to the heating member; and a shield layer preventing the thermal conductive film from being directly exposed to the heating target space by being attached to an outer surface facing the heating target space of the thermal conductive film.

A fuel-cell vehicle in which a fuel cell which is a driving power source is mounted includes a refrigerant flow passage that is connected to the fuel cell, a first pump that causes a refrigerant to flow in the refrigerant flow passage, a heater that heats the refrigerant, and a connection part that is electrically connected to the heater and the first pump and that is used for electrical connection to an external power source which is provided outside the fuel-cell vehicle. The heater and the first pump are driven with electric power supplied from the external power source which is connected thereto via the connection part.

A ceramic body being configured of mainly BaTiO.sub.3-based crystalline particles in which a part of Ba is substituted with at least one rare earth element, wherein the ceramic body contains Ba.sub.6Ti.sub.17O.sub.40 crystalline particles of from 1.0 to 10.0% by mass.

A control device is disclosed for an electric heating device with a PTC element as an auxiliary heater in a motor vehicle. The control device has a control housing in which a printed circuit board, equipped with at least one power switch is provided. The power switch is applied against a cooling surface in a heat-conducting manner under pretension via an elastic pretensioning element. The pretensioning element is formed from an elongated piece of a soft-elastic plastic part extruded with at least one through-opening. Also disclosed is an electric heating device having such a control device.

A microwave heat converter includes a cylindrical waveguide cavity, a non-conductive conduit, and a microwave waveguide. The non-conductive conduit is arranged to carry liquid flowing through a central area of the cylindrical waveguide cavity. The microwave waveguide is configured to deliver microwave power along the cylindrical waveguide cavity in a TE(1,1) mode to heat the liquid. The heat converter may be used in various systems such as heaters, combi boilers, and absorption refrigeration systems.