A system for determining remaining useful energy in an electric aircraft, the system including a computing device where the computing device is configured to measure a internal state datum of a battery as a function of at least a sensor, receive the internal state datum from the at least a sensor, generate a useful energy remaining datum as a function of the internal state datum and a battery model, and display the useful energy remaining datum to a user.

A vehicle includes a battery that is rechargeable using an external power source coupled to the vehicle. The vehicle includes a controller that is programmed to estimate parameters of the battery using a parameter estimation algorithm. The controller is programmed to change a charging current when connected to the external power source to provide an input to the parameter estimation algorithm that is sufficiently dynamic such that the parameter estimation algorithm converges to an accurate solution.

The invention relates to a method for controlling an operating characteristic (for example ground clearance or acceleration) of a vehicle (100) resting on a contact surface (200) by means of at least one landing gear (150) comprising means of actuating (160) adapted to vary a behaviour of the landing gear when the latter is in contact with the contact surface, whereby the said method makes the operating characteristic of the vehicle dependent upon a given set-point by generating a command intended for the means of actuating as a function of a difference (ε) between the operating characteristic and the set-point. According to the invention, the control system comprises the use of an estimation (P.sub.est) of a load (P) seen by the landing gear to generate a modification of the command so as to minimise a variation in the deviation caused by a variation in the load.

A control system, responsive to receiving values of one or more parameters of a battery of a vehicle for a particular time in service, generates via a machine learning determination a level of confidence at which the values of the one or more parameters of the battery match values of one or more parameters of a set of batteries for a same time in service, and responsive to the level exceeding a predefined threshold, causes a mitigation action to be implemented.

A method for determining an electric energy storage system state-of-power value. The method includes for each battery unit in the electric energy storage system, determining the battery unit state-of-power value, the battery unit state-of-power value being indicative of the maximum amount of electric load that the battery unit can deliver or receive at a constant load level during the predetermined future time range without violating electro-thermal limits of the battery unit, for each battery unit in the electric energy storage system, obtaining a battery unit measured load value indicative of the electric load actually imparted on the battery unit at a certain time instant, on the basis of the battery unit measured load value for each battery unit in the electric energy storage system, determining a load distribution amongst the battery units of the electric energy storage system, and determining the electric energy storage system state-of-power value on the basis of the battery unit state-of-power values and on the load distribution.

The invention relates to a method for controlling and monitoring a plurality of battery cells (2) in a battery pack (5), wherein: by means of at least one recording unit (20), a dataset of state variables from each battery cell (2) is recorded and transferred to a selection unit (32); by means of the selection unit (32), individual state variables from the plurality of state variable datasets are selected, which form a virtual dataset of state variables; by means of a simulation unit (34), a model of a virtual cell (8) is created from the selected state variables; and by means of a data-processing unit (36), a limit value for a charging current (I) for charging the battery cells (2) in the battery pack (5) is calculated from the selected state variables of the virtual cell (8).

Powerflow of a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) is managed according to a method. The RESS has series-connected first and second battery elements with different characteristics. Each element, e.g., a pack, has a corresponding maximum or minimum voltage or current limit. Currents are predicted for each of the first and second battery elements via a controller using a corresponding voltage limit. A requested operating mode of the RESS is used to select a current for the elements. A voltage across the elements is predicted using the selected current and a corresponding battery state space model. The method predicts a total power capability of the RESS over a prediction horizon using the selected current to generate predicted power capability values. The requested operating mode is controlled over the horizon using the power capability values. A powertrain system includes the RESS, an inverter, an electric machine, and the controller.

A method for improving the availability of an energy storage or transformation, EST, system of a vehicle. The method comprises providing an EST system model of coupled EST components of the EST system, identifying a fault or error in an EST condition parameter of the EST system, estimating an output value of the EST condition parameter based on the EST system model, identifying a vehicle situation which, in case of an at least temporary lack of operability of the EST system, belong to a predetermined group of vehicle situations defined as hazardous, and in response to identifying the vehicle situation belonging to the predetermined group of vehicle situations defined as hazardous, operating the EST system despite the fault or error in the EST condition parameter using the estimated output value of the EST condition parameter based on the EST system model.

A control apparatus includes: a rotor temperature estimation unit estimating a temperature of a rotor based on stator temperature information from a first temperature sensor for identifying a temperature of a stator, refrigerant temperature information from a second temperature sensor for identifying a temperature of refrigerant used to cool an electric motor, and rotation speed information about the rotor from a resolver for identifying a rotation speed of the rotor; and an electric motor control unit controlling at least one of an output characteristic and a drive condition of the electric motor based on the temperature of the rotor estimated by the rotor temperature estimation unit.

Disclosed is a method and a battery management system for calibrating a state of charge of a battery. The method includes measuring a terminal voltage and a current of the battery, storing a measured voltage value indicating the terminal voltage and a measured current value indicating the current in a memory, updating a state of charge of the battery based on the measured current value, estimating an open-circuit voltage of the battery based on a first number of measured voltage values and a first number of measured current values in the order stored in the memory, storing an estimated voltage value indicating the open-circuit voltage in the memory, and calibrating the updated state of charge with a reference state of charge when a calibration condition is satisfied by a data set in which a second number of estimated voltage values sequentially stored in the memory are arranged in sequential order.