The invention described herein pertains to processes for preparing tubulysins and derivatives thereof. The invention described herein also pertains to processes for preparing tubulysin conjugates. The invention described herein also pertains to processes for preparing intermediates for preparing tubulysin conjugates. In one step, the alpha-thiazolyl alcohol is protected with triethylsilyl chloride in the presence of imidazole in an aprotic solvent.

Novel efficient, time-saving and reliable radiofluorination procedures for the production of .sup.18F-labelled active esters via nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding onium precursors with .sup.18F.sup.− are described. The active ester including [.sup.18F]F-Py-TFP and [.sup.18F]TFB produced by one of these methods was used to prepare PSMA-specific PET tracers such as [.sup.18F]DCFPyL. The key advantages of these inventive methods are efficiency, short time of preparation and excellent amenability to automation. A pharmaceutical composition containing at least one PSMA-specific PET tracers prepared by the inventive method is useful for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, especially imaging prostate tumor.

The present disclosure provides compounds that are useful for inhibiting the STAT6 pathway. Also provided are related pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using the compounds. In some embodiments, the compounds may be used to treat a disease such as, e.g., an allergic lung disease, allergic rhinitis, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, or a cancer.

Peptide-based compounds including heteroatom-containing, three-membered rings efficiently and selectively inhibit specific activities of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases associated with the proteasome. The peptide-based compounds include an epoxide or aziridine, and functionalization at the N-terminus. Among other therapeutic utilities, the peptide-based compounds are expected to display anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of cell proliferation. Oral administration of these peptide-based proteasome inhibitors is possible due to their bioavailability profiles.

The present disclosure provides methods and reagents useful for analyzing protein-protein interfaces such as interfaces between a presenter protein (e.g., a member of the FKBP family, a member of the cyclophilin family, or PIN1) and a target protein. In some embodiments, the target and/or presenter proteins are intracellular proteins. In some embodiments, the target and/or presenter proteins are mammalian proteins.

A compound comprising formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 is an akylamino group or a group containing at least one aromatic group; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently an aliphatic group or hydrophobic group; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently H, a substituted or unsubstituted akyl group, an akenyl group, an acyl group, an aromatic group, polymer, a targeting group, or a detectable moiety; a, b, c, and d are independently an integer from 1 to 10; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Provided herein are novel compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Also provided are methods of preparing the compounds of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Further provided are methods of using the novel compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for example, for inhibiting thrombin and/or for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of thrombin-mediated and thrombin-related diseases.

##STR00001##

The compounds of the present invention are represented by the following compounds having Formula (I) and Formula (I′): where the substituents R, R.sup.1, R.sup.3 R.sup.4, R′, W, X, Y, Z, k, and m are as defined herein and where the substituents R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, X, Y, Z, and m are as defined herein. These compounds are used in the treatment of bacterial infections, parasite infections, fungal infections, cancer, immunologic disorders, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, inflammatory disorders, or muscular dystrophy or for providing immunosuppression for transplanted organs or tissues. ##STR00001##

The invention relates to methods, compounds, compositions and vehicles for delivering 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3APS) in a subject, preferably a human subject. The invention encompasses compound that will yield or generate 3APS, either in vitro or in vivo. Preferred compounds include amino acid prodrugs of 3APS for use, including but not limited to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Disclosed are proteasome inhibitors, fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-activated prodrugs of proteasome inhibitors, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the inhibitors and prodrugs. Also disclosed are related pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of using the inhibitors and prodrugs and compositions thereof, for example, in treating cancer or other cell proliferative diseases. In vitro and in vivo methods of quantifying the expression of FAP in a biopsy sample and a mammal, respectively, are also disclosed.