Provided are a solar cell, a method for preparing a solar cell, a tandem solar cell, and a photovoltaic module. The solar cell includes a substrate, a doped conductive layer, and a dielectric layer. The substrate has a first surface, where the first surface includes electrode regions and non-electrode regions that are alternatingly arranged along a first direction. The doped conductive layer is formed over the first surface of the substrate. The doped conductive layer includes first conductive portions and at least one second conductive portion. Each respective first conductive portion of the first conductive portions is formed over a respective electrode region of the electrode regions, and each respective second conductive portion of the at least one second conductive portion is formed over a part of a non-electrode region of the non-electrode regions. The dielectric layer is between the first surface and the doped conductive layer.

The present disclosure provides a process. In an embodiment, the process includes providing an aqueous pigment-polyolefin dispersion (P-P dispersion) and applying a grid-pattern of the aqueous P-P dispersion onto a rear encapsulant film. The process includes drying the grid-pattern into a grid layer to form a gridded rear encapsulant film. The process includes placing a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a front encapsulant film onto the gridded rear encapsulant film to form a stack, and laminating the stack to form a reflective photovoltaic (PV) module. The present disclosure also provides a reflective photovoltaic module produced by the process.

To provide a sealing material sheet for a solar-cell module that has high productivity without performing crosslinking processing, and has a high tensile shear adhesion force at normal temperature at a high level in addition to heat resistance and molding characteristics. A sealing material sheet is a multi-layer sheet using a polyethylene-based resin as a base resin, a core layer has a density of 0.880 g/cm.sup.3 to 0.895 g/cm.sup.3 and a melting point of 70 C. or higher, a skin layer has a density of 0.880 g/cm.sup.3 to 0.910 g/cm.sup.3 and a melting point of 90 C. or lower and contains a silane-modified polyethylene-based resin, a weight average molecular weight of the silane-modified polyethylene-based resin contained in the skin layer 11 in terms of polystyrene is 70000 to 120000, and a polymerized silane amount of the skin layer in the whole resin component is 300 ppm to 2000 ppm.

Systems and methods for self-cleaning a surface of an object where an electrodynamic shield is mounted to the surface. The electrodynamic shield includes one or more sets of electrodes atop a substrate, at least one or more sets of electrodes being covered in a protective film. A coating is applied to the top surface of the protection film. A signal pulse generator is connected to the one or more sets of electrodes, and generates a pulse signal that causes the one or more sets of electrodes to generate an electric field. The pulse signal comprises a plurality of different pulse signals which have phase differences between consecutive signals, and the electric field causes a particle atop the coating to experience an electrostatic force and be repelled away from the coating. These pulse signals can be tuned to increase efficiency of removal depending on dust type and relative humidity.

In accordance with one or more embodiments herein, a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic (PV) top module, to be used together with a PV bottom module, e.g an SI-based PV bottom module, is provided. The method may include monolithically interconnecting a plurality of thin film based PV sub-cells, manufactured using a perovskite material and/or a CIGS material as solar absorbing material, in series on a substrate in order to create a PV top module including at least one first PV top sub-module, and arranging metal grid lines on top and bottom contact layers of the PV top module. The metal grid lines may be arranged either above or below the top and bottom contact layers of the PV top module.

The present invention relates to a solar panel system, particularly a novel solar panel design to increase performance in a cost-effective manner. The present invention includes a solar panel assembly. The solar panel assembly includes a plurality of elongated solar electric module which includes a first transparent material and a second transparent material. In addition, a solar electric material is disposed between the first transparent material and the second transparent material. The solar electric module may include an elongated array of one or more solar electric cells. Additionally, each array of the one or more solar electric cells include at least one bi-facial solar cell.

A solar cell including: substrate having front and back surfaces, the back surface includes first, second and gap regions, the first and second regions are alternately arranged and spaced from each other in a first direction, and a respective gap region is provided between adjacent first and second regions, first pyramidal texture structure regions are formed corresponding to gap regions and distance between top and bottom thereof is 2-4 m; first conductive layer formed over the first region; second conductive layer formed over the second region, the second conductive layer has conductivity type opposite to the first conductive layer; first electrode forming electrical contact with the first conductive layer; second electrode forming electrical contact with the second conductive layer; and boundary region between the gap region and the first and/or second conductive layer adjacent thereto, and the boundary region includes strip or line patterned texture structures arranged at intervals.

A frame member for a bifacial solar module. The frame member comprises a retaining portion (or e.g. a holder) configured to retain (or e.g. hold) a longitudinally extending edge of a solar module, such that the solar module, when retained (or e.g. held) by the retaining portion, extends laterally inwardly from the retaining portion along a reference plane. The frame member also includes a reflector surface disposed rearwardly and laterally inwardly of the retaining portion. The reflector surface slopes in a direction away from the reference plane such that light passing through the reference plane and onto the reflector surface is reflected by the reflector surface in a forward and laterally inward direction.

A back contact solar cell, including: fingers including rows of first fingers and rows of second fingers; solder joints, and a connection electrode. The fingers, the solder joints, and the connection electrode are on a first surface of the cell. The first fingers and the second fingers are alternatingly arranged along a first direction and extend in a second direction. The connection electrode extends in the first direction. A respective first finger including first and second disconnected sections of the first fingers is connected to another first finger of the first fingers via at least a portion of the connection electrode. The connection electrode extends in the first direction in a wavy form that includes a plurality of arcs.

The present disclosure provides a process. In an embodiment, the process includes providing an aqueous pigment-polyolefin dispersion (P-P dispersion) and applying a grid-pattern of the aqueous P-P dispersion onto a rear encapsulant film. The process includes drying the grid-pattern into a grid layer to form a gridded rear encapsulant film. The process includes placing a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a front encapsulant film onto the gridded rear encapsulant film to form a stack, and laminating the stack to form a reflective photovoltaic (PV) module. The present disclosure also provides a reflective photovoltaic module produced by the process.