A light redirecting film defining a longitudinal axis, and including a base layer, an ordered arrangement of a plurality of microstructures, and a reflective layer. The microstructures project from the base layer, and each extends across the base layer to define a corresponding primary axis. The primary axis of at least one of the microstructures is oblique with respect to the longitudinal axis. The reflective layer is disposed over the microstructures opposite the base layer. When employed, for example, to cover portions of a PV module tabbing ribbon, or areas free of PV cells, the films of the present disclosure uniquely reflect incident light.

A variety of methods for integrating an organic photovoltaic-based SolarWindow module and electrochromic materials to create dynamic, variable transmittance, energy-saving windows and/or window films are described. Stand-alone or building integrated, independent or user-controllable, battery supported or building integrated, and insulated glass unit or aftermarket film implementations are all described, providing for a diversity of applications. Low-cost fabrication options also allow for economical production.

This solar cell module is provided with: a solar cell; a first protection member that is arranged on the light-receiving surface side of the solar cell; a second protection member that is arranged on the back surface side of the solar cell; and an encapsulant that seals the solar cell. The encapsulant comprises an encapsulant that is arranged between the solar cell and the first protection member and an encapsulant that is arranged between the solar cell and the second protection member, and the encapsulant contains a wavelength conversion substance. This solar cell module satisfies the condition of formula.

EQE(.sub.2)(10.46n.sup.2.8)EQE(.sub.1) formula

A solar cell module including: a solar cell; a first protection member provided on the light receiving surface side of the solar cell; a second protection member provided on the rear surface side of the solar cell; an encapsulant layer, including a first encapsulant layer disposed between the solar cell and the first protection member, and a second encapsulant layer disposed between the solar cell and the second protection member, which seals the solar cell; and a wavelength conversion substance, contained in at least the first encapsulant layer, which absorbs light having a specified wavelength, and converts the wavelength. The concentration of the wavelength conversion substance is higher in the first encapsulant layer than in the second encapsulant layer, and a resin constituting the second encapsulant layer has a smaller diffusion coefficient of the wavelength conversion substance than the diffusion coefficient of a resin constituting the first encapsulant layer.

This solar cell module (1) comprises a plurality of solar cell arrays (11). Each solar cell array (11) includes a plurality of spherical semiconductor elements (20) arranged in a row, at least a pair of bypass diodes (40), and a pair of lead members (14) that connect the plurality of spherical semiconductor elements (20) and the plurality of bypass diodes (40) in parallel. Each of the lead members (14) includes one or plural lead strings (15) to which the plurality of spherical semiconductor elements (20) are electrically connected and having a width less than or equal to the radius of the spherical semiconductor element (20), and plural lead pieces (16) formed integrally with the lead strings (15) at least at both end portions of the lead member (14), on which the bypass diodes (40) are electrically connected in reverse parallel to the spherical semiconductor elements (20), and having width larger than or equal to the width of the bypass diodes (40).

A high efficiency configuration for a solar cell module comprises solar cells conductively bonded to each other in a shingled manner to form super cells, which may be arranged to efficiently use the area of the solar module, reduce series resistance, and increase module efficiency. The front surface metallization patterns on the solar cells may be configured to enable single step stencil printing, which is facilitated by the overlapping configuration of the solar cells in the super cells. A solar photovoltaic system may comprise two or more such high voltage solar cell modules electrically connected in parallel with each other and to an inverter. Solar cell cleaving tools and solar cell cleaving methods apply a vacuum between bottom surfaces of a solar cell wafer and a curved supporting surface to flex the solar cell wafer against the curved supporting surface and thereby cleave the solar cell wafer along one or more previously prepared scribe lines to provide a plurality of solar cells. An advantage of these cleaving tools and cleaving methods is that they need not require physical contact with the upper surfaces of the solar cell wafer. Solar cells are manufactured with reduced carrier recombination losses at edges of the solar cell, e.g., without cleaved edges that promote carrier recombination. The solar cells may have narrow rectangular geometries and may be advantageously employed in shingled (overlapping) arrangements to form super cells.

An encapsulating material for solar cell containing an ethylene/-olefin copolymer satisfying the following a1) and a2), and a specific peroxyketal having a 1-hour half-life temperature in a range of 100 to 135 degrees centigrade; the peroxyketal being contained in an amount of 0.1 to less than 0.8 weight parts relative to 100 weight parts of the ethylene/-olefin copolymer. a1) the shore A hardness is from 60 to 85 as measured in accordance with ASTM D2240. a2) MFR is from 2 to 50 g/10 minutes as measured under the conditions of a temperature of 190 degrees centigrade and a load of 2.16 kg in accordance with ASTM D1238.

An adhesive may be applied to a surface of a reusable carrier. Metal foil may be attached to the adhesive to couple the metal foil to the surface of the reusable carrier. The metal foil may be patterned without damaging the reusable carrier. A semiconductor structure (e.g., a solar cell) may be attached to the patterned metal foil. The reusable carrier may then be removed. In some embodiments, the semiconductor structure may be encapsulated using an encapsulant, with the adhesive being compatible with the encapsulant.

The present disclosure provides a process. In an embodiment, the process includes providing an aqueous pigment-polyolefin dispersion (P-P dispersion) and applying a grid-pattern of the aqueous P-P dispersion onto a rear encapsulant film. The process includes drying the grid-pattern into a grid layer to form a gridded rear encapsulant film. The process includes placing a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a front encapsulant film onto the gridded rear encapsulant film to form a stack, and laminating the stack to form a reflective photovoltaic (PV) module. The present disclosure also provides a reflective photovoltaic module produced by the process.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solar cell module and a manufacturing method thereof. The manufacturing method includes: providing a solar cell string; arranging welding strips on a back surface of the solar cell string; arranging a first encapsulant material on a back surface of the welding strip, to form a first encapsulant material layer; on the back surface of the solar cell string, arranging a second encapsulant material in a local region corresponding to at least one welding strip, to form a second encapsulant material layer; and laminating to form a laminate member. The manufacturing method can reduce the thickness of the encapsulant film on the back surface of the solar cell, and reduce the distance between the back plate material and the solar cell string, and is capable to fully protect the welding strip.