There is provided a metal foil suitable for an electrode substrate for an electronic element, which makes it possible to suppress oxidation of the ultra-smooth surface and also prevent roll scratches when wound in a roll. The metal foil of the present invention is made of copper or copper alloy. The front surface of the metal foil has an ultra-smooth surface profile having an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 30 nm or less as determined in accordance with JIS B 0601-2001. The back surface of the metal has a concave-dominant surface profile having a Pv/Pp ratio of 1.5 or more, the Pv/Pp ratio being a ratio of a maximum profile valley depth Pv to a maximum profile peak height Pp of a profile curve as determined in a rectangular area of 181 μm by 136 μm in accordance with JIS B 0601-2001.

Provided herein is a method for manufacturing a conductive transparent substrate, the method including forming a plurality of main electrodes on the substrate such that the main electrodes are distanced from one another; and forming a connecting electrode that electrically connects two or more main electrodes such that the plurality of main electrodes are grouped into a plurality of group electrodes that are electrically disconnected from one another, thereby producing a conductive transparent substrate with excellent transmittance in a process of high yield.

Methods of patterning a layer of a photonic device are provided using stamps or masks derived from pre-written optical media discs. One method comprises pressing a stamp on a surface of a layer of a photonic device, the stamp comprising a stamping surface which defines a negative replica of a quasi-random pattern of nanostructures defined in a recording layer of a pre-written optical media disc, for a period of time sufficient to imprint the quasi-random pattern of nanostructures defined in the recording layer of the pre-written optical media disc onto the surface of the layer of the photonic device; and removing the stamp. The stamps, the masks, and the photonic devices comprising the patterned layers are also provided.

Embodiments of this invention comprise a lighting device, such as an organic light emitting diode (“OLED”), constructed so as to form a microcavity that is resonant with an emission wavelength of the emitter and with the emitting region located at an antinode of the resonant mode of the cavity. With the emitting region at this location, this resonant mode operates in stimulated emission and causes the excited state population to be locked at a small level. Interference effects may contribute to this by suppressing spontaneous emission into this mode when the emitter is at this location. Because losses are proportional to the excited state population, the losses are constant or near constant while current is increased. Further, because some device degradation processes are also driven by excited state populations, this can extend the device lifetime as well. In addition, instead of charge density building rapidly with current or output, in this invention, charge density is proportional to the square root of current. This removes some important limitations on maximum brightness. In one embodiment, electricity is generated from light, which results in very high efficiency, especially when utilizing spherical microcavities with a distribution of sizes dispersed in another material making up the photovoltaic cell.

A combined solar recharging thin-film charge storage device and a method of its manufacture, wherein charge generation and storage are achieved within the same multilayer stack by providing a layer which functions as a photoactive layer and at the same time comprises ions towards which it is ion-permeable and separates physical contact between two electrodes. Accordingly, a simple device structure is provided which may be manufactured easily and cost-efficiently and which allows easy integration with other components.

A photosensor includes a first light-shielding layer provided on an insulating surface; a first insulating layer covering the first light-shielding layer; a semiconductor layer provided on the first insulating layer, the semiconductor layer being connected to a first electrode and a second electrode, and the semiconductor layer configuring a diode; a second insulating layer covering the semiconductor layer; an opening provided in the second insulating layer so as to surround the semiconductor layer as viewed from a planar direction and the opening reaching at least the first insulating layer; and a second light-shielding layer covering at least a side wall of the opening.

The invention relates to a substrate (2) for manufacturing an organic conversion device for converting electrical energy into light energy or light energy into electrical energy, wherein the substrate comprises a) an encapsulation layer (3) on the substrate, wherein the encapsulation layer includes a first inorganic layer (7), a second inorganic layer (9) and an intermediate organic layer (8), and b) a getter reservoir (6) in contact with the organic layer of the encapsulation layer. Water molecules will therefore not only be transported along the intermediate organic layer, but will also be gathered, especially absorbed, by the getter reservoir, if the encapsulation is damaged. This can slow down a transport of water molecules along a leakage path towards an organic conversion layer of the organic conversion device and hence slow down a possible degradation of the performance of the organic conversion device, if the encapsulation layer is damaged.

An object of the present invention is to provide a solar cell that is excellent in photoelectric conversion efficiency, suffers little degradation during encapsulation (initial degradation), has high-temperature durability, and is excellent in temperature cycle resistance. The present invention provides a solar cell including: a laminate having an electrode, a counter electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode; and an encapsulation material covering the counter electrode to encapsulate the laminate, the photoelectric conversion layer including an organic-inorganic perovskite compound represented by the formula: R-M-X.sub.3, R representing an organic molecule, M representing a metal atom, X representing a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom, the encapsulation material including a (meth)acrylic resin having a C atom/O atom ratio of 4 or more in the molecule.

Disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (1): in which:—Z represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a selenium atom; or an NR.sub.5 group in which R.sub.5 is selected from linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.20, preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.8, alkyl groups, or from optionally substituted aryl groups;—R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are as defined in the claims. The said disubstituted diaryloxybenzoheterodiazole compound of general formula (I) can advantageously be used as a spectrum converter in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) which are in turn capable of improving the performance of photovoltaic devices (or solar devices) selected, for example, from photovoltaic cells (or solar cells), photovoltaic modules (or solar modules) on either a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate.

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It discloses a perovskite optoelectronic device which includes a substrate, electrode layers and functional layers. The electrode layer is deposited on the substrate, the functional layer is deposited between the electrode layers, and the functional layer at least includes a perovskite layer, wherein the perovskite layer is a perovskite material possessing a self-organized multiple quantum well structure. By adjusting material components, controllable adjustment of the structure of the multiple quantum wells and effective energy transfer between the multiple quantum wells can be implemented, and light emitting color may be near-ultraviolet light, visible light and near-infrared light; moreover, the problems of low coverage and poor stability of the existing perovskite films can be effectively solved.