The invention provides a process and an apparatus for producing a high quality electronic component by reducing sagging at pattern side walls, which may occur when patterns of a wiring, an electrode, etc. are printed by a screen printing process using an electroconductive paste, an insulation paste, or a semiconductor paste, and reducing a mesh mark on the patterns of a wiring, an electrode, etc., or a full solid surface film, as well as a pattern formation process, by which screen printing can be applied and double face printing can be conducted with the number of process steps less than a conventional process. A pattern is formed by that a pattern is printed on a blanket having a surface comprising polydimethylsiloxane using an electroconductive paste, an insulation paste, or a semiconductor paste by a screen printing process, and the pattern is transferred from the blanket to a printing object.

A bifacial solar cell is provided includes a substrate, a plurality of first electrodes provided on a first surface of the substrate in a first direction, a plurality of first current collectors provided on the first surface in a second direction crossing the first direction, wherein the plurality of first current collectors are electrically and physically connected to the plurality of first electrodes, a plurality of second electrodes provided on a second surface of the substrate in the first direction, and a plurality of second current collectors provided on the second surface in the second direction, the plurality of second current collectors being electrically and physically connected to the plurality of second electrodes, wherein the number of the plurality of second electrodes is more than the number of the plurality of first electrodes.

Materials and methods for fabrication of rear tabbing, front busbar, and fine grid line layers for silicon based photovoltaic cells are disclosed. Materials include conductive metallization pastes that contain core-shell nickel based particles.

Methods are described that include reacting a starting nanocrystal that includes a starting nanocrystal core and a covalently bound surface species to create an ion-exchangeable (IE) nanocrystal that includes a surface charge and a first ion-exchangeable (IE) surface ligand ionically bound to the surface charge, where the starting nanocrystal core includes a group IV element.

The invention provides an electroconductive paste comprising metallic particles, an inorganic reaction system, and an organic vehicle. The inorganic reaction system includes a lead-tellurium-magnesium composition of Formula (II): Pb.sub.aTe.sub.b(Mg.sub.wCa.sub.xSr.sub.yBa.sub.z)-M.sub.d-Oe, wherein 0<a, b, or d1, 0w, x, y, z1, w+x+y+z=c, at least one of w, x, y and z is greater than zero, the sum of a, b, c and d is 1, 0<c0.2, 0d0.5, a:b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, (a+c+d):b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, M is one or more elements, and e is a number sufficient to balance the Pb, Te, MgCaSrBa and M components.

The invention provides an electroconductive paste comprising metallic particles, an inorganic reaction system, and an organic vehicle. The inorganic reaction system comprises a lead-tellurium-magnesium-zinc composition of Formula (III): Pb.sub.aTe.sub.b13 (Mg.sub.wCa.sub.xSr.sub.yBa.sub.z)Zn.sub.f-M.sub.d-O.sub.e, wherein 0<a, b, d, or f1, 0w, x, y, z1, w+x+y+z=c, at least one of w, x, y, and z is greater than zero, the sum of a, b, c, d and f is 1, 0<c0.2, 0<f0.2, 0d0.5, a:b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, (a+c+f+d):b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, M is one or more elements, and e is a number sufficient to balance the Pb, Te, MgCaSrBa, Zn, and M components.

A solar cell having an electrical modulating stack layer is provided. The solar cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. A first electrical modulating stack layer is disposed on the first electrode, wherein the first electrical modulating stack layer includes at least one positively charged layer and at least one negatively charged layer or the first electrical modulating layer includes a first surface modification layer.

A photovoltaic cell is proposed. The photovoltaic cell includes a substrate of semiconductor material, and a plurality of contact terminals each one arranged on a corresponding contact area of the substrate for collecting electric charges being generated in the substrate by the light. For at least one of the contact areas, the substrate includes at least one porous semiconductor region extending from the contact area into the substrate for anchoring the whole corresponding contact terminal on the substrate. In the solution according to an embodiment of the invention, each porous semiconductor region has a porosity decreasing moving away from the contact area inwards the substrate. An etching module and an electrolytic module for processing photovoltaic cells, a production line for producing photovoltaic cells, and a process for producing photovoltaic cells are also proposed.

A solar cell module is disclosed. The solar cell module includes a plurality of solar cells each including a semiconductor substrate and electrodes formed on a surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a plurality of wirings connected to the electrodes provided in the each solar cell through a conductive adhesive in order to electrically connect a plurality of adjacent solar cells among the plurality of solar cells. Each of the plurality of wirings includes a core bundle formed as a bundle of a plurality of cores and a coating layer coating an outer surface of the core bundle. A plurality of wiring unevenness are formed along a surface of each of the plurality of wirings in an outer surface shape of the core bundle.

According to one embodiment, an electrode material for a battery includes a tungsten oxide powder or a tungsten oxide composite powder provided with a coating unit containing at least one selected from a metal oxide, silicon oxide, a metal nitride, and silicon nitride.