The present disclosure describes solution methods for manufacturing perovskite halide films for use in solar cells. The methods include the use of additives that facilitate the formation of transitory, intermediate films that are later transformed into the final target perovskite halide films, such that the final films provide improved physical characteristics and operational performance.

A compound of Chemical Formula 1, and an organic photoelectric device, an image sensor, and an electronic device including the same are disclosed:

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula 1, each substituent is the same as defined in the detailed description.

A photovoltaic device is provided. The photovoltaic device includes a metal salt layer disposed adjacent to a perovskite layer. The metal salt layer diffuses into the perovskite layer. Methods for fabricating the photovoltaic device are also provided.

The present technology relates to, in a photoelectric conversion element using a photoelectric conversion film, the photoelectric conversion element and a method of manufacturing the same, a solid state image sensor, an electronic device, and a solar cell, for enabling improvement of quantum efficiency. The photoelectric conversion element includes two electrodes constituting an anode and a cathode, and a photoelectric conversion layer arranged between the two electrodes, and at least one electrode side of the two electrodes is doped with an impurity at impurity density of 1e16/cm3 or more in the photoelectric conversion layer. The present technology can be applied to, for example, a solid state image sensor, an electronic device, a solar cell and the like.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a photovoltaic device comprising: —forming a porous first conducting layer on one side of a porous insulating substrate, —coating the first conducting layer with a layer of grains of a doped semiconducting material to form a structure, —performing a first heat treatment of the structure to bond the grains to the first conducting layer, —forming electrically insulating layers on surfaces of the first conducting layer, —forming a second conducting layer on an opposite side of the porous insulating substrate, —applying a charge conducting material onto the surfaces of the grains, inside pores of the first conducting layer, and inside pores of the insulating substrate, and—electrically connecting the charge conducting material to the second conducting layer.

A photosensitive field-effect transistor which can be configured to provide an electrical response when illuminated by electromagnetic radiation incident on the transistor. The field-effect transistor has a channel (13) made from a two-dimensional material and comprises a photoactive layer (22) which can be configured to donate charge carriers to the transistor channel (13) when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed in the photoactive layer (22). The photosensitive field-effect transistor comprises a top electrode (21) which is in contact with the photoactive layer on one or more contact areas which together form a contact pattern. With a suitably patterned top electrode (21), a voltage applied to the electrode can function as an electrical shutter which can switch the photosensitive field-effect transistor between a light-sensitive state and a light-immune state.

An imaging element which is formed by sequentially stacking at least an anode, an anode-side buffer layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a cathode, in which the anode-side buffer layer includes a material having structural formula ##STR00001##
in which thiophene and carbazole are combined.

Method for determining oscillation parameters of turbo-machine blades consists in that when the blade tip travels in front of a sensor, reading values of a single pulsed signal formed by the sensor are obtained in a number that is not lower than that of unknown parameters of a harmonic or polyharmonic oscillation of the blade, the origin of a single pulsed signal readings obtained for each blade being synchronized with the blade tip position relative to the sensor according to a given level of the single pulsed signal; then the values of the harmonic or polyharmonic oscillation parameters of the blade are calculated with the use of the obtained values of the single pulsed signal reading origins and of the value of the turbo-machine shaft revolution period.

Systems and methods for perovskite single crystal growth include using a low temperature solution process that employs a temperature gradient in a perovskite solution in a container, also including at least one small perovskite single crystal, and a substrate in the solution upon which substrate a perovskite crystal nucleates and grows, in part due to the temperature gradient in the solution and in part due to a temperature gradient in the substrate. For example, a top portion of the substrate external to the solution may be cooled.

The present invention provides a light-transmitting electrode which has high electrical conductivity and high electron blocking performance. The present invention also provides a solar cell which is capable of achieving high energy conversion efficiency at low cost. The present invention provides a method for producing a light-transmitting electrode that has a light-transmitting substrate, a carbon nanotube film which is formed directly or indirectly on the light-transmitting substrate, and a metal oxide film which is formed directly on the carbon nanotube film. This production method includes vapor depositing the metal oxide film, which contains oxygen and a metal element belonging to the group 4, 5 or 6 of the periodic table, on one surface or both surfaces of the carbon nanotube film. The present invention provides a light-transmitting electrode which includes a light-transmitting substrate and a conductive carbon nanotube film that is formed directly or indirectly on the light-transmitting substrate.