The present disclosure relates to a single crystal metal film containing hydrogen atoms or hydrogen ions, which is oriented only in the (111) crystal plane on a substrate or without a substrate, and a method for preparing the same.

According to the present disclosure, a single crystal metal film containing hydrogen atoms or hydrogen ions, which is oriented only in the (111) crystal plane, can be formed in various shapes such as a foil, a plate, a block or a tube even without an expensive substrate only by heat-treating a metal precursor having crystallinity and preference for orientation in the crystal plane under a hydrogen atmosphere. Because electrical conductivity is improved due to the contained hydrogen atoms or hydrogen ions, the single crystal metal film can be used as a material for a display driver IC, a semiconductor device, a lithium secondary battery, a fuel cell, a solar cell or a gas sensor.

A self-powered electronic system comprises a first chip (401) of single-crystalline semiconductor embedded in a second chip (302) of single-crystalline semiconductor shaped as a container bordered by ridges. The assembled chips are nested and form an electronic device assembled, in turn, in a slab of weakly p-doped low-grade silicon shaped as a container (330) bordered by ridges (331). The flat side (335) of the slab includes a heavily n-doped region (314) forming a pn-junction (315) with the p-type bulk. A metal-filled deep silicon via (350) through the p-type ridge (331) connects the n-region with the terminal (322) on the ridge surface as cathode of the photovoltaic cell with the p-region as anode. The voltage across the pn-junction serves as power source of the device.

According to various embodiments, a particle containing structured solder material is provided as solder material for joining a solar cell connector with a solar cell. That is why for example, the light incident on the solder material is reflected diffusely and thus partially delivered back to the solar cell, whereby the light captured by the solar cell is increased. Less of the solar cell surface is shadowed based on the solder material or the solar cell connector.

The invention provides an electroconductive paste comprising metallic particles, an inorganic reaction system, and an organic vehicle. The inorganic reaction system includes a lead-tellurium-magnesium composition of Formula (II): Pb.sub.aTe.sub.b(Mg.sub.wCa.sub.xSr.sub.yBa.sub.z)-M.sub.d-Oe, wherein 0<a, b, or d1, 0w, x, y, z1, w+x+y+z=c, at least one of w, x, y and z is greater than zero, the sum of a, b, c and d is 1, 0<c0.2, 0d0.5, a:b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, (a+c+d):b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, M is one or more elements, and e is a number sufficient to balance the Pb, Te, MgCaSrBa and M components.

The invention provides an electroconductive paste comprising metallic particles, an inorganic reaction system, and an organic vehicle. The inorganic reaction system comprises a lead-tellurium-magnesium-zinc composition of Formula (III): Pb.sub.aTe.sub.b13 (Mg.sub.wCa.sub.xSr.sub.yBa.sub.z)Zn.sub.f-M.sub.d-O.sub.e, wherein 0<a, b, d, or f1, 0w, x, y, z1, w+x+y+z=c, at least one of w, x, y, and z is greater than zero, the sum of a, b, c, d and f is 1, 0<c0.2, 0<f0.2, 0d0.5, a:b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, (a+c+f+d):b is between about 10:90 and about 90:10, M is one or more elements, and e is a number sufficient to balance the Pb, Te, MgCaSrBa, Zn, and M components.

A photovoltaic cell is proposed. The photovoltaic cell includes a substrate of semiconductor material, and a plurality of contact terminals each one arranged on a corresponding contact area of the substrate for collecting electric charges being generated in the substrate by the light. For at least one of the contact areas, the substrate includes at least one porous semiconductor region extending from the contact area into the substrate for anchoring the whole corresponding contact terminal on the substrate. In the solution according to an embodiment of the invention, each porous semiconductor region has a porosity decreasing moving away from the contact area inwards the substrate. An etching module and an electrolytic module for processing photovoltaic cells, a production line for producing photovoltaic cells, and a process for producing photovoltaic cells are also proposed.

Provided are optical devices and systems fabricated, at least in part, via printing-based assembly and integration of device components. In specific embodiments the present invention provides light emitting systems, light collecting systems, light sensing systems and photovoltaic systems comprising printable semiconductor elements, including large area, high performance macroelectronic devices. Optical systems of the present invention comprise semiconductor elements assembled, organized and/or integrated with other device components via printing techniques that exhibit performance characteristics and functionality comparable to single crystalline semiconductor based devices fabricated using conventional high temperature processing methods. Optical systems of the present invention have device geometries and configurations, such as form factors, component densities, and component positions, accessed by printing that provide a range of useful device functionalities. Optical systems of the present invention include devices and device arrays exhibiting a range of useful physical and mechanical properties including flexibility, shapeability, conformability and stretchablity.

Provided are optical devices and systems fabricated, at least in part, via printing-based assembly and integration of device components. In specific embodiments the present invention provides light emitting systems, light collecting systems, light sensing systems and photovoltaic systems comprising printable semiconductor elements, including large area, high performance macroelectronic devices. Optical systems of the present invention comprise semiconductor elements assembled, organized and/or integrated with other device components via printing techniques that exhibit performance characteristics and functionality comparable to single crystalline semiconductor based devices fabricated using conventional high temperature processing methods. Optical systems of the present invention have device geometries and configurations, such as form factors, component densities, and component positions, accessed by printing that provide a range of useful device functionalities. Optical systems of the present invention include devices and device arrays exhibiting a range of useful physical and mechanical properties including flexibility, shapeability, conformability and stretchablity.

Provided are optical devices and systems fabricated, at least in part, via printing-based assembly and integration of device components. In specific embodiments the present invention provides light emitting systems, light collecting systems, light sensing systems and photovoltaic systems comprising printable semiconductor elements, including large area, high performance macroelectronic devices. Optical systems of the present invention comprise semiconductor elements assembled, organized and/or integrated with other device components via printing techniques that exhibit performance characteristics and functionality comparable to single crystalline semiconductor based devices fabricated using conventional high temperature processing methods. Optical systems of the present invention have device geometries and configurations, such as form factors, component densities, and component positions, accessed by printing that provide a range of useful device functionalities. Optical systems of the present invention include devices and device arrays exhibiting a range of useful physical and mechanical properties including flexibility, shapeability, conformability and stretchablity.

In a solar cell module, a first encapsulant and a second encapsulant are provided between a first protective member and a second protective member, and solar cells are provided between the first encapsulant and the second encapsulant. A connecting tab wire cover is laminated on the first encapsulant. A connecting tab wire encapsulant is laminated on the connecting tab wire cover. The multiple solar cells are laminated on the first encapsulant. Through a slit formed on the connecting tab wire encapsulant, fixing members fix a connecting tab wire, which connects multiple solar cells, and the connecting tab wire cover.