An electroplating apparatus includes an electrode at the bottom of a chamber, an ionically resistive element with through holes arranged horizontally at the top of the chamber, with a membrane in the middle. One or more panels extend vertically and parallelly from the membrane to the element and extend linearly across the chamber, forming a plurality of regions between the membrane and the element. A substrate with a protuberance extending along a chord of the substrate and contacting a top surface of the element is arranged above a first region. An electrolyte flowed between the substrate and the element descends into the first region via the through holes on a first side of the protuberance and ascends from the first region via the through holes on a second side of the protuberance, forcing air bubbles out from a portion of the element associated with the first region.

Described herein is a process for the reduction of carbon dioxide comprising: providing an electrochemical device comprising an anode, a cathode, and a polymeric anion exchange membrane therebetween, wherein the polymeric anion exchange membrane comprises an anion exchange polymer, wherein the anion exchange polymer comprises at least one positively charged group selected from a guanidinium, a guanidinium derivative, an N-alkyl conjugated heterocyclic cation, or combinations thereof; introducing a composition comprising carbon dioxide to the cathode; and applying electrical energy to the electrochemical device to effect electrochemical reduction of the carbon dioxide.

Various embodiments include a CO2 electrolyzer comprising: a gas space adjoining a cathode comprising a gas diffusion electrode adjoining a cathode space; an anode in an anode space; a membrane separating the cathode space from the anode space; a feed apparatus feeding reactant gas into the gas space; a mixing vessel for at least partial joint accommodation of the anolyte and the catholyte; and a connection line between the gas separating region and the gas space. The mixing vessel includes a gas separating region closed off with respect to a surrounding atmosphere. The cathode space accommodates a catholyte and the anode space accommodates an anolyte.

A method for operating a wastewater treatment system is disclosed wherein the wastewater treatment system comprises at least one electrochemical cell comprising dimensionally stable electrodes having the same catalyst composition, the electrodes being immersed in wastewater and being connected to a power supply and wherein the voltage at the power supply is monitored and the polarity of the electrochemical cell(s) is reversed when the recorded voltage increases by a predetermined voltage difference. The wastewater treatment system can comprise at least one electrochemical cell which is kept inactive while the active electrochemical cells are operating. The inactive cell(s) can be activated when all the electrodes of the active cells are consumed as indicated by another increase in voltage at the power supply after the polarity of the active cells has been once reversed.

A system for providing hydrogen includes a first electrochemical cell or stack including a first cathode and a first anode separated by a first proton exchange membrane. A first inlet is in communication with the anode side of the first electrochemical cell or stack. The first inlet receives a first gas including hydrogen. A liquid composition on a liquid flow path is in communication with the cathode side of the first electrochemical cell or stack. The liquid composition includes water and a water-compatible redox compound. A second electrochemical cell stack including a second cathode and a second anode separated by a second proton exchange membrane is disposed with the anode side of the second electrochemical cell or stack in communication with the liquid flow path. A hydrogen outlet in communication with the cathode side of the second electrochemical cell or stack dispenses hydrogen from the system.

In a water electrolysis system and a method of controlling the water electrolysis system, a control device places a high pressure water discharge solenoid valve, a depressurizing solenoid valve, and a low pressure water discharge solenoid valve in the closed state. Further, a pressure acquisition unit obtains the electrolysis time pressure as a pressure in the low pressure water sealing container during production of hydrogen by a water electrolyzer. Further, the control device determines the occurrence of hydrogen leakage in a depressurizing line based on at least the electrolysis time pressure.

An electrolytic ozone generator for use with a faucet and methods for assembling and using the same.

The disclosure relates to an electrolyzer reactor suitable for the reduction of organic compounds. The reactor includes a membrane electrode assembly with freestanding metallic meshes which serve both as metallic electrode structures for electron transport as well as catalytic surfaces for electron generation and organic compound reduction. Suitable organic compounds for reduction include oxygenated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, in particular those characteristic of bio-oil (e.g., alone or a multicomponent mixtures). The reactor and related methods provide a resource- and energy-efficient approach to organic compound reduction, in particular for bio-oil mixtures which can be conveniently upgraded at or near their point of production with minimal or no transportation.

A gas diffusion electrode for an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, for example a fuel cell, including one or more gas permeable layers, a first conductive layer provided on a first side of the gas diffusion electrode, and a second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, provided on a second side of the gas diffusion electrode. The one or more gas permeable layers are positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, and the one or more gas permeable layers provide a gas channel. The one or more gas permeable layers are gas permeable and substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. The porous conductive material is gas permeable and liquid electrolyte permeable. The gas diffusion electrode can be one of a plurality of alternating anode/cathode sets.

Solution production devices, systems, and methods. The system includes a base portion configured to receive a vessel containing a liquid. Upon the base portion receiving the vessel, liquid is transferred from the vessel and into the base portion where it undergoes an electrochemical reaction to produce a cleaning solution. The cleaning solution is then circulated back into the vessel.