An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

The present invention relates to a mosquito-killing device, characterized in that it comprises a casing and a control unit; the casing is provided with a first opening for mosquitoes and insects to enter; a carbon dioxide generating device, a fan and an electric grid are provided inside the casing; the control unit controls operation of the carbon dioxide generating device, the fan and the electric grid.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology for the conversion of solar energy into chemicals may require cost-effective photoelectrodes to efficiently and stably drive anodic and/or cathodic half-reactions to complete the overall reactions for storing solar energy in chemical bonds. Apparatus and systems incorporating effectively transparent metal catalysts enable the design and/or implementation of PEC devices for light harvesting. Triple-junction photocathodes with the triangular catalyst grids are provided to improve the efficiency of the photocathodes to generate renewable fuel from sunlight.

A method reducing carbon dioxide to one or more organic products may include steps (A) to (E). Step (A) may introduce an anolyte to a first compartment of an electrochemical cell. The first compartment may include an anode. Step (B) may introduce a catholyte and carbon dioxide to a second compartment of the electrochemical cell. Step (C) may oxidize an indium cathode to produce an oxidized indium cathode. Step (D) may introduce the oxidized indium cathode to the second compartment. Step (E) may apply an electrical potential between the anode and the oxidized indium cathode sufficient for the oxidized indium cathode to reduce the carbon dioxide to a reduced product.

An electrochemical device includes at least one electrochemical cell, including a membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plates through which at least one discharge manifold passes, the membrane electrode assembly including an active zone and a connection zone; at least one hydrogen sensor including an anode positioned in the connection zone and including a catalyst suitable for ensuring the oxidation of the hydrogen, and a cathode opposite the anode; a voltage source; a current sensor; and a computing unit, suitable for detecting the presence of hydrogen from the measured value of the electric current.

Catalyst systems employing inexpensive and readily-available protic co-catalysts to increase a proton reduction rate in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are described herein. The protic co-catalysts function to increase the rate without being consumed in the process of water splitting to hydrogen and oxygen. They may simultaneously serve to stabilize the pH of the water and be the electrolyte to carry the current for the electrolytic splitting of water. The protic co-catalysts also decrease the overpotential energy requirement for the process of water splitting. These protic co-catalysts can be used with both heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts, as well as assist photocatalysis and other processes for the reduction of protons.

To provide a production method whereby an ion exchange membrane for alkali chloride electrolysis can be obtained which has high current efficiency, little variation in current efficiency and high alkaline resistance. This is a method for producing an ion exchange membrane 1 having a layer (C) 12 containing a fluorinated polymer (A) having carboxylic acid type functional groups, by immersing an ion exchange membrane precursor film having a precursor layer (C) containing a fluorinated polymer (A) having groups convertible to carboxylic acid type functional groups, in an aqueous alkaline solution comprising an alkali metal hydroxide, a water-soluble organic solvent and water, and converting the groups convertible to carboxylic acid type functional groups to carboxylic acid functional groups, wherein the concentration of the water-soluble organic solvent is from 1 to 60 mass % in the aqueous alkaline solution (100 mass %); the temperature of the aqueous alkaline solution is at least 40 C. and less than 80 C.; and the proportion of structural units having carboxylic acid type functional groups in the fluorinated polymer (A) is from 13.0 to 14.50 mol % in all structural units (100 mol %) in the fluorinated polymer (A).

An electrolytic cell, including a plurality of electrodes arranged to define a plurality of channels between adjacent electrodes is disclosed. Each channel is in fluid communication adjacent a first end with a first adjacent channel and is in fluid communication adjacent to a second end with a second adjacent channel. The electrolytic cell may be optimized for high concentration output of hypochlorite. The electrolytic cell may be used in conjunction with a plurality of cells operated collectively to provide operational efficiencies as compared to traditional hypochlorite generators.

An electrocatalytic material includes a bulk material metal including at least one metal, wherein the bulk material metal is in an amorphous form and includes mesopores. A method for making an electrocatalytic material includes forming an amorphous bulk material metal, and forming mesopores in the amorphous bulk material metal. The bulk material metal may in some instances be selected from an alloy of at least one metal and at least one non-metal selected from phosphorus, boron, nitrogen, carbon, and any combination thereof. The at least one metal may in some instances be selected from iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium, and any combination thereof.

Electrochemically reacting C-1 compounds including carbon dioxide, formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, carbon monoxide in the presence of at least one lanthanide and/or at least one actinide. Reducing carbon dioxide or reacting C-1 compounds such as HCOOH (formic acid), HCHO (formaldehyde), CH.sub.3OH (methanol), or CO (carbon monoxide) with use of an electrochemical device, wherein the device comprises at least one cathode, and at least one anode, and at least one electrolyte between the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one lanthanide and/or actinide compound. The electrode can be modified with a film such as an ionically conducting or ionically permeable film, optionally comprising a magnetic material. Polar organic solvent such as acetonitrile can be used. Electrocatalysis and/or reaction mediation is observed. Devices can be adapted to carry out the methods. The device can be part of a fuel cell, a battery, an electrolyzer, or an electrosynthetic device.