An expanded ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell comprises an anode plate, a cathode plate, at least one bipolar electrode plate, a first ion-exchange membrane plate, a second ion-exchange membrane plate, a plurality of hydrogen chambers and a plurality of oxygen chambers. Wherein, a hydrogen outlet channel, an oxygen outlet channel and a water inlet channel are formed in the expanded ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell. The hydrogen outlet channel is coupled to each of the plurality of hydrogen chambers, and the oxygen outlet channel and the water inlet channel are coupled to each of the plurality of oxygen chambers to provide the expanded ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell capable of diverting gas and liquid after electrolyzing water.

An electrochemical reduction device includes an electrode unit, a power control unit, an organic material storage tank, a concentration measurement unit, a water storage tank, a gas-water separation unit, and a control unit. The electrode unit includes an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode, and an oxygen evolving electrode. The control unit controls the power control unit so as to satisfy a relation of V.sub.HERV.sub.allowV.sub.CAV.sub.TRR when the potential at a reversible hydrogen electrode, the standard redox potential of the aromatic compound, and the potential of the reduction electrode are expressed as V.sub.HER, V.sub.TRR, and V.sub.CA, respectively. V.sub.allow is adjusted according to the concentration of the aromatic compound measured by the concentration measurement unit.

In a water electrolysis system and a control method therefor, when a depressurizing process is performed, pressure reducing valves for high pressure reduce the pressure of a high pressure hydrogen. A first pressure detecting sensor detects, as a first pressure, a pressure of the high pressure hydrogen on a more upstream side than the pressure reducing valves for high pressure. A second pressure detecting sensor detects, as a second pressure, a pressure of the high pressure hydrogen on a more downstream side than a first pressure reducing valve of the pressure reducing valves for high pressure. Based on the first pressure or the second pressure, a controller controls a degree of opening of a depressurization control valve.

A water electrolysis system produces hydrogen gas at a higher pressure than oxygen gas. A Peltier cooler is disposed between a gas-liquid separator and a back pressure valve in a hydrogen gas flow path, and cools and dehumidifies the hydrogen gas. A temperature sensor measures a temperature in the vicinity of the Peltier cooler, and outputs a temperature measurement value. A pressure sensor measures a pressure of the hydrogen gas between a cathode and the back pressure valve in the hydrogen gas flow path, and outputs a pressure measurement value. A control unit controls a cooling temperature by the Peltier cooler, in a manner so that the temperature measurement value becomes a target temperature that exceeds the freezing point of water corresponding to the pressure measurement value. At least a portion of the target temperature becomes lower as the pressure measurement value increases.

A system is disclosed for providing inerting gas to a protected space, and also providing electrical power. The system includes an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode separated by a separator comprising a proton transfer medium. Inerting gas is produced at the cathode. A fuel source comprising methanol or formaldehyde or ethanol and a water source are each in controllable operative fluid communication with the anode. A controller is configured to alternatively operate the system in a first mode of operation where water is directed to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from a power source to the electrochemical cell, and in a second mode of operation in which the fuel is directed from the fuel source to the anode fluid flow path inlet and electric power is directed from the electrochemical cell to the power sink.

A reactor for water splitting or water treatment includes a first electrode, a second electrode electrically coupled to the first electrode, and a proton exchange membrane separating the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode includes a first optical fiber coated with a photocatalytic material.

A solar fuels generator includes an anolyte and a catholyte in contact with a separator. The separator is configured such that the pH of the anolyte and the pH of the catholyte are each held at a steady state pH level during operation of the solar fuels generator. The steady state pH level of the anolyte is different from the steady state pH level of the catholyte.

Embodiments relate to systems and methods for gas delivery for personal medical consumption having safety features. A hydrogen or oxygen gas delivery system herein can include electrolytic cores performing electrolysis-based reactions, and obtain free hydrogen (H2) gas for collection and delivery to a user. In aspects, the electrolytic core(s) can be scaled to produce a sufficient amount of hydrogen (H2) or oxygen (O2) gas so that the user can ingest that gas directly, without a need for storage. The system can be portable, and configured with a delivery tube for transmitting hydrogen or oxygen gas to a user. While safety risks are generally minimal, the system can be configured with sensors to detect fault conditions or hazards such as combustion or overpressure, which can only be caused by deliberate user action to expose gaseous products to flame or spark, and even then would not be likely to trigger violent combustion.

Various embodiments herein relate to methods and apparatus for electroplating material onto a semiconductor substrate. The apparatus includes an ionically resistive element that separates the plating chamber into a cross flow manifold (above the ionically resistive element) and an ionically resistive element manifold (below the ionically resistive element). Electrolyte is delivered to the cross flow manifold, where it shears over the surface of the substrate, and to the ionically resistive element manifold, where it passes through through-holes in the ionically resistive element to impinge upon the substrate as it enters the cross flow manifold. In certain embodiments, the flow of electrolyte into the cross flow manifold (e.g., through a side inlet) and the flow of electrolyte into the ionically resistive element manifold are actively controlled, e.g., using a three-way valve. In these or other cases, the ionically resistive element may include electrolyte jets.

A hydrogen molecule remixing device includes a base, a first gas and water channelling disc, an anode, a cathode, an ion membrane, a second gas and water channelling disc, a cover, a cationic water outlet connector and a connector. In practice, the source water is electrolyzed in the anode cavities of the anode to form oxygen molecules, ozone and anionic water, and electrolyzed in the cathode cavities of the cathode to form hydrogen molecules and cationic water. The hydrogen molecules are carried by the cationic water into the collecting and guiding chambers of the second gas and water channelling disc, so that the hydrogen molecules and the cationic water produce a blending reaction, and more hydrogen molecules are dissolved into the cationic water.