The present invention relates to an oxygenated water manufacturing device, which can be used in various fields because it can be applied to and used for not only mineral water or purified water, but also other various drinks such as tap water, barley tea, green tea, corn silk tea, and soju by using a specific configuration, which allows use of only high-purity oxygen from which ozone, which is produced with oxygen when mineral water is electrolyzed, and various inorganic substances and organic substances such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si) contained in the mineral water are completely filtered out, and which completely prevents a phenomenon in which oxygen is not generated by deformation of an ion resin membrane disposed between an anode (+) and a cathode () in the oxygen generator due to a water-drying phenomenon in the hydrogen outlet.

Disclosed are membrane electrode assemblies having a cathode layer comprising a carbon oxide reduction catalyst that promotes reduction of a carbon oxide; an anode layer comprising a catalyst that promotes oxidation of a water; a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) layer disposed between, and in contact with, the cathode layer and the anode layer; and a salt having a concentration of at least about 10 uM in at least a portion of the MEA.

A hydrogen supply system includes: a controller; and an electrochemical hydrogen pump including: an electrolyte membrane; a pair of electrodes provided on two surfaces of the electrolyte membrane; and a current adjuster adjusting a current flowing between the electrodes, the electrochemical hydrogen pump performs a hydrogen supply operation supplying pressure-boosted hydrogen to a hydrogen demander by allowing a current to flow between the electrodes by the current adjuster; and when a cumulative hydrogen supply amount which is supplied to the hydrogen demander from start to completion of the hydrogen supply operation to the hydrogen demander from the electrochemical hydrogen pump is smaller than a cumulative hydrogen supply amount in another hydrogen supply operation, the controller controls the current adjuster so that the current flowing between the electrodes is decreased to be smaller than that in the another hydrogen supply operation.

A solid oxide battery includes a solid electrolyte disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode are coupled to an external source or load to charge or discharge the solid oxide battery. The solid electrolyte is formed from a proton conducting material to transport and store hydrogen, which is the source of chemical energy. The second electrode is formed from a noble metal configured to induce formation of oxygen vacancies at the interface between the second electrode and the solid electrolyte. The oxygen vacancies are used to split water molecules during charging of the solid oxide battery, which results in the generation of hydrogen. Under bias, the hydrogen ions are transported into the solid electrolyte and stored. During discharge, a reverse process occurs where hydrogen is used to generate water and electricity.

The present invention relates to the extraction of lithium from liquid resources, such as natural and synthetic brines, leachate solutions from clays and minerals, and recycled products.

Provided herein are systems and methods for operating carbon oxide (CO.sub.x) reduction reactors (CRRs) for producing methane (CH.sub.4). Embodiments of the systems and methods may also be used for producing other organic compounds including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and other hydrocarbons such as ethylene (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2). According to various embodiments, the systems and methods may be characterized by one or more of the following features. In some embodiments, a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) includes a cathode catalyst layer with a relatively low catalyst loading. In some embodiments, a bipolar MEA includes a thin cation-conducting layer and a thin anion-conducting layer, with the cation-conducting layer being thicker than the anion-conducting layer. In other embodiments a pure anion exchange polymer only membrane may be used to bridge the cathode catalyst and the anode catalyst. These and other features are described further below.

Provided herein are methods for operating carbon oxide (CO.sub.x) reduction reactors (CRR) and related apparatus. In some embodiments, the methods involve shutting off, reducing, or otherwise controlling current during various operation stages including hydration, break-in, normal operation, planned shut-offs, and extended shutoff or storage periods.

An electrochemical device and method can include techniques involving bipolar membrane electrolysis to transform an input product into an output product. Some embodiments can include a gas-diffusion electrode as a cathode, a bipolar membrane configured to facilitate autodissociation, and an anode that can be configured as a liquid-electrolyte style electrode or a gas-diffusion electrode. In some embodiments the electrochemical device can be configured as a CO.sub.2 electrolyzer that is designed to utilize input product including carbon dioxide gas and water to generate output products that can include gaseous carbon monoxide or other reduction products of carbon dioxide and gaseous oxygen or the oxidation products of a depolarizer such as hydrogen, methane, or methanol. Embodiments can be utilized in the production of fuels or feedstocks for fuels and carbon-containing chemicals, in air purification systems, flue gas treatment devices, and other machines and facilities.

The present invention relates to an oxygen generating apparatus comprising: a membrane-electrode assembly including an anode connected to a first pole of a power supply device, a cathode connected to a second pole of the power supply device, and an electrolyte membrane provided between the anode and the cathode; a water supply source for supplying water to the anode; and an oxygen supply unit for supplying oxygen to the cathode, wherein oxygen (O.sub.2) is generated at the anode by using an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and water (H.sub.2O) is generated at the cathode by using an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The present invention may provide an apparatus for electrochemically generating oxygen, which uses an electrochemical method and thus can generate oxygen without noise or vibration, and has a simple configuration capable of reducing the volume of the apparatus.

[Problem to be solved] Provided are a fluorine-containing polymer achieving both low resistivity and high thermal stability, which have been conventionally conflicting, a cation exchange membrane including the fluorine-containing polymer, and an electrolyzer including the cation exchange membrane.

[Solution] A cation exchange membrane including: a fluorine-containing polymer including: a tetrafluoroethylene unit (A); and a perfluoroethylene unit (B) having a carboxylic acid-type ion exchange group, wherein the fluorine-containing polymer has a main-chain terminal structure (T) represented by the following formula (1):

(C.sub.mF.sub.nH.sub.2mn)OH (1)

wherein m and n each represent any integer satisfying m2, n0, and 2mn1.