The disclosure relates to recovering Li ions in a raw liquid into a recovery liquid at a high recovery speed. A lithium selective permeable membrane is constituted of a selective permeable membrane main body constituted of a lithium ion superconductor (ion conductor) having a particularly high ion conductivity and a Li adsorption layer formed as a thin layer on a raw liquid side (a first electrode) thereof. As a material constituting the selective permeable membrane main body, specifically, lanthanum lithium titanium oxide can be used. The Li adsorption layer is formed as a thin layer on a surface of the selective permeable membrane main body by carrying out a chemical treatment on the selective permeable membrane main body.

A method includes operating a water electrolysis device for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water. A PEM electrolyzer (1) is integrated in a water circuit (4) in the electrolysis device. The water circuit (4) feeds reaction water as well as discharges excess water. The water circuit (4) is lead past the PEM electrolyzer (1) via a bypass conduit (14) on starting up the water electrolysis device.

Systems and methods are provided for producing electrolyzed water. In exemplary embodiments, a fluid container capable of storing a brine solution therein is used. An electrolytic cell is disposed within the fluid container and in communication with the brine solution. A power source is in electrical communication with the electrolytic cell, a pump is disposed in the fluid container; as is a chlorometer. A fluid container head is in removable mechanical communication with the fluid container, the fluid container head including a nozzle in fluid communication with the pump, a trigger in electrical communication with the pump, and a power switch in communication with the power source. A controller is in communication with the chlorometer and the electrolytic cell, the controller operating the electrolytic cell to convert the brine solution to a cleaning solution.

Devices for manufacturing hydrogen water without a water storage tank include: a water supply line receiving raw water; an electrolysis part including an oxygen generating chamber and a hydrogen generating chamber individually receiving the raw water. Electrolysis is performed in the oxygen and hydrogen generating chambers. A dissolving part is provided to receive the generated hydrogen and the raw water discharged by a pump and increase a dissolution rate of the hydrogen. A water discharge line outputs the hydrogen water discharged from the dissolving part. The water discharge line includes a large diameter line to decrease a pressure of the hydrogen water output; and a small diameter line provided has an inner diameter less than an inner diameter of the large diameter line and connects an outlet of the dissolving part and an inlet of the large diameter line.

Disclosed are cathodes comprising a conductive support substrate having a catalyst coating containing nickel phosphide nanoparticles. The conductive support substrate is capable of incorporating a material to be reduced, such as CO.sub.2 or CO. Also disclosed are electrochemical methods for generating hydrocarbon and/or carbohydrate products from CO.sub.2 or CO using water as a source of hydrogen.

The invention provides methods for direct growth of low noise, atomically thin freestanding membranes of two-dimensional monocrystalline or polycrystalline materials, such as transition metal chalcogenides including molybdenum disulfide. The freestanding membranes are directly grown over an aperture by reacting two precursors in a chemical vapor deposition process carried out at atmospheric pressure. Membrane growth is preferentially over apertures in a thin sheet of solid state material. The resulting membranes are one or a few atomic layers thick and essentially free of defects. The membranes are useful for sequencing of biopolymers through nanopores.

An electrochemical cell has a membrane located between two flow field plates. On a first side of the membrane, there is a porous support surrounded by a seal between the membrane and the flow field plate. There is a gap between the porous support and the seal at the surface of the membrane. On a second side of the membrane, there is a seal between the membrane and the flow field plate located inside of the gap in plan view. The electrochemical cell is useful, for example, in high pressure or differential pressure electrolysis in which the second side of the membrane will be consistently exposed to a higher pressure than the first side of the membrane.

[Problem to be solved] Provided is an ion exchange membrane having both excellent electrolytic characteristics and excellent gas zone damage resistance.

[Solution] An ion exchange membrane comprising: a layer A comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a sulfonic acid group; and a layer B comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having a carboxylic acid group, wherein the layer B has a thickness of 5 to 30 m, and the layer B has an ion cluster diameter of 1.8 to 2.48 m.

A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode having a first catalyst layer on a first gas-liquid diffusion layer, a cathode having a second catalyst layer on a second gas-liquid diffusion layer, and an anionic exchange membrane between the first catalyst layer of the anode and the second catalyst layer of the cathode. The first catalyst layer has a chemical structure of M.sub.aM.sub.bN.sub.2 or M.sub.cM.sub.dC.sub.e, wherein M is Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, or Zn, M is Nb, Ta, or a combination thereof, 0.7a1.7, 0.3b1.3, a+b=2, 0.24c1.7, 0.3d1.76, and 0.38e3.61, wherein M.sub.aM.sub.bN.sub.2 is a cubic crystal system and M.sub.cM.sub.d C.sub.e is a cubic crystal system or amorphous.

A method for hydrogen evolution by electrolysis includes soaking a membrane electrode assembly into an alkaline aqueous solution. The membrane electrode assembly includes an anode having a first catalyst layer on a first gas-liquid diffusion layer, a cathode having a second catalyst layer on a second gas-liquid diffusion layer, and a cationic exchange membrane between the first catalyst layer of the anode and the second catalyst layer of the cathode. The first catalyst layer, the second catalyst layer, or both of the above has a chemical structure of M.sub.xRu.sub.yN.sub.2, wherein M is Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, or Zn, 0<x<1.3, 0.7<y<2, and x+y=2, wherein M.sub.xRu.sub.yN.sub.2 is cubic crystal system or amorphous. The method also applies a voltage to the anode and the cathode for electrolysis of the alkaline aqueous solution, thereby producing hydrogen at the cathode and producing oxygen at the anode.