A transducer includes: a film support portion having a hollow portion; a vibration film displaceable in a film thickness direction; a piezoelectric element, the piezoelectric element including a pair of electrodes and a piezoelectric film; and in regions overlapping the hollow portion, a plurality of first regions having a first total film thickness which is a sum of a film thickness of the vibration film and a film thickness of the piezoelectric element, and a plurality of second regions having a second total film thickness which is a sum of a film thickness of the vibration film and a film thickness of the piezoelectric element, the second total film thickness being different from the first total film thickness. The first regions and the second regions are alternately arranged, and one of the first regions is adjacent to a connection portion between the film support portion and the vibration film.

A resonator element includes: a substrate; and an electrode that includes a first conductive layer provided on a surface of the substrate, and a second conductive layer, provided on the opposite side to the first conductive layer on the substrate side, which is disposed within an outer edge of the first conductive layer when seen in a plan view from a direction perpendicular to the surface.

A piezoelectric element that includes a substrate, a lower electrode layer on the substrate, an intermediate layer on the lower electrode layer, and an upper electrode layer on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a first piezoelectric layer including an aluminum nitride as a main component thereof and located between the lower electrode layer and the upper electrode layer, a first buffer layer including an aluminum nitride as a main component and located between the first piezoelectric layer and the upper electrode layer, a first intermediate electrode layer located between the first buffer layer and the upper electrode layer, and a second piezoelectric layer located between the first intermediate electrode layer and the upper electrode layer.

Highly deformable heterostructures utilizing liquid metals and nanostructures that are suitable for various applications, including but not limited to stretchable electronic devices that can be worn, for example, by a human being. Such a deformable heterostructure includes a stretchable substrate, a conductive liquid metal on the substrate, and nanostructures forming a solid-liquid heterojunction with the conductive liquid metal.

A piezoelectric device includes a piezoelectric body at least a portion of which can bend and vibrate, an upper electrode on an upper surface of the piezoelectric body and in which distortion of a crystal lattice is reduced as a distance from the upper surface of the piezoelectric body increases, a lower electrode on a lower surface of the piezoelectric body and in which distortion of a crystal lattice is reduced as a distance from the upper surface of the piezoelectric body increases, and a support substrate below the piezoelectric body, in which a recess extending from a lower surface of the support substrate toward the lower surface of the piezoelectric device is provided.

In an acoustic wave device, an antenna end resonator that is electrically closest to a first terminal is a first acoustic wave resonator. In each of the first acoustic wave resonator and a second acoustic wave resonator, a thickness of a piezoelectric layer is about 3.5λ or less when a wavelength of an acoustic wave is denoted as λ. The first acoustic wave resonator and the second acoustic wave resonator satisfy at least one of a first condition, a second condition, and a third condition. The first condition is a condition that the first acoustic wave resonator further includes a dielectric film provided between the piezoelectric layer and an interdigital transducer electrode, and the second acoustic wave resonator does not include the dielectric film.

A piezoelectric actuator assembly is described. The assembly including a first layer including a top and a bottom surfaces. The assembly including a second layer having a top and a bottom surfaces, the bottom surface of the second layer is disposed over the top surface of the first layer. The assembly including a third layer having a top and a bottom surfaces, the bottom surface of the third layer is disposed over the top surface of the second layer. The assembly includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode. The third electrode is configured to be shorter than the second electrode such that the active PZT length of the second layer and the third layer is shorter than the active PZT length of the first layer.

The module comprises a pendular unit with an elastically deformable piezoelectric beam having a clamped end and an opposite, free end, coupled to an inertial mass. The beam produces an oscillating electrical signal collected by electrodes, which is rectified and regulated to output a voltage for charging a battery. The number and configuration of the electrodes (T1, T2, B1, B2, N) carried by the piezoelectric beam define a plurality of pairs of electrodes between which a corresponding plurality of said oscillating signals can be simultaneously collected. A switching matrix, as a function of an input command, selectively switches the plurality of pairs of electrodes between each other according to a plurality of different series (S), parallel (P) and/or series-parallel (SP) configurations, the selected configuration being that which maximizes the power sent to the battery as a function of the voltage level (VBAT) present at the terminals of the latter.

A laminated piezoelectric element 10 includes: a laminated body 11 in rectangle shape formed by alternately laminating a plurality of piezoelectric layers 15 and one or more internal electrode(s) 13; a connection electrode 14 connected to one end portion 13a of the internal electrode(s) 13; and an electric field relaxation region 16c or 16d formed discontinuously with regard to the internal electrode(s) 13 in at least one of two corner portions 13c and 13d of the other end portion 13b opposite to the one end portion 13a of the internal electrode(s) 13.

Provided is a lead-free piezoelectric material reduced in dielectric loss tangent, and achieving both a large piezoelectric constant and a large mechanical quality factor. A piezoelectric material according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure is a piezoelectric material including a main component formed of a perovskite-type metal oxide represented by the general formula (1): Na.sub.x+s(1−y)(Bi.sub.wBa.sub.1−s−w).sub.1−yNb.sub.yTi.sub.1−yO.sub.3 (where 0.84≤x≤0.92, 0.84≤y≤0.92, 0.002≤(w+s)(1−y)≤0.035, and 0.9≤w/s≤1.1), and a Mn component, wherein the content of the Mn is 0.01 mol % or more and 1.00 mol % or less with respect to the perovskite-type metal oxide.