A terminal used as a terminal in a plurality of terminals in a system including the plurality of terminals that communicate with each other and a plurality of relay apparatuses, including: measurement means configured to measure a delay time between the terminal and each relay apparatus of the plurality of relay apparatuses; selection means configured to select a relay apparatus from the plurality of relay apparatuses based on the delay time measured by the measurement means; and communication means configured to perform communication with another terminal via the relay apparatus.

The present disclosure generally discloses capabilities for supporting new network zones and associated services. The network zones and associated services may include a near-real-time (NRT) zone and associated NRT services, a real-time (RT) zone and associated RT services, or the like. The resilient network zones and associated resilient and non-resilient services may be configured to provide bounded latency guarantees for reliably supporting various types of applications (e.g., mobile fronthaul, cloud computing, Internet-of-Things (IoT), or the like). The network zones and associated services may be provided using a distance-constrained fiber and wavelength switching fabric design comprised of various network devices and using associated controllers, which may be configured to support service provisioning functions, service testing functions, wavelength switching functions, and so forth.

[Problem] A management device for a transmission system and a designing method for a transmission system which enable flexible bandwidth designing according to conditions of paths.

[Resolution Means] A management device 10 of a transmission system 1 includes a new path information input unit 11, a statistical information collecting unit 13 that collects statistical information of actual traffic from nodes, and an uninterruptible path designing unit 14 that calculates a delay fluctuation in an entire path with respect to a fluctuation for each section of the path based on the collected statistical information of the actual traffic each time new path information is received, and designs a path in which the calculated delay fluctuation is smaller than a maximum fluctuation amount according to a buffering amount in the reception node as an uninterruptible path, a path information setting unit 15 that updates path information of the path and stores the updated path information in an existing path information storage unit 12b with respect to the uninterruptible path, and sets a bandwidth permitted in a node constituting the path in the node, and a notification unit 16 that notifies a user of a path that was not designed as the uninterruptible path.

Various example implementations are directed to circuits, apparatuses and methods for providing Voice-over-IP (VoIP) services. According to an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a first network node configured to communicate VoIP-packets between upstream and downstream network nodes in a network and to communicate metadata with at least one of the VoIP packets downstream in the network. The apparatus also includes a second network node configured to receive the set of metadata and at least one VoIP packet, and communicate the at least one of the VoIP packet further downstream in the network. The second network node is also configured to send a response packet upstream in response to receiving the metadata. A network pathway assessment module is configured to derive, from the response packet a latency corresponding to the VoIP-packets communicated along a pathway between the first network node and the second network node.

An information transmission method and an apparatus, where the method includes: determining, by an application function network element, an association relationship of a port pair corresponding to a protocol data unit (PDU) session; determining delay information of the port pair; and sending port pair information to a time sensitive networking (TSN) system, where the port pair information includes the association relationship of the port pair and the delay information of the port pair. In the embodiments of this application, attribute information of a virtual switching node can be obtained and reported in a 5.sup.th generation (5G) system, such that a TSN system plans a transmission path of a TSN flow on the virtual switching node and a network resource for the transmission path.

Techniques for managing communications between applications executing in a distributed computing environment are presented. An example method includes detecting, by a first virtual machine, that an application has migrated from a source virtual machine to a destination virtual machine in the distributed computing environment. The first virtual machine identifies a location of the destination virtual machine in the distributed computing environment. Based on the identified location, the first virtual machine generates one or more routing rules for communications between applications executing on the first virtual machine and the migrated application, wherein the one or more routing rules comprise rules that minimize latency and processing overhead for communications with the migrated application in the distributed computing environment.

The present disclosure provides a system for network delay guarantee based on flow aggregates and interleaved regulators according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: at least one unit network configured to guarantee first-in-first-out (FIFO) for flow aggregates; and at least one interleaved regulator per flow aggregate located at input port or an output port of the at least one unit network, wherein among flows passing through the unit network, flows having the same network input port and the same network output port are aggregated into a single flow aggregate.

An example branch gateway includes processing circuitry and a memory including instructions that cause the branch gateway to perform various functions. The various functions include determining a first uplink health threshold, determining a second uplink health threshold, calculating migration thresholds for a set of non-critical applications, determining that a QoS threshold of a critical application is likely to be imminently breached, selecting a least critical application, based on the migration threshold of the least critical application, and migrating the least critical application from the first uplink to a second uplink.

Conventional internet routing is handled using routing protocols such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). However, simple BGP does not account for latency, packet loss, or cost. To address this problem, smart routing systems that route traffic fast and in a cost-effective manner are implemented. In one approach, smart routing systems measure, compare, and analyze round-trip latencies and other metrics between a customer premises and one or more endpoints. Optimal inbound and outbound transit providers are selected for each endpoint based on these measurements. Other smart routing systems collect and analyze Real User Monitoring (RUM) data to predict latency performance of different content origins for serving data to a particular client based on the client's IP address and the content origins' IP addresses, which are ranked by performance. These rankings are used to steer traffic along lower latency paths by resolving Domain Name System (DNS) queries based on the performance associated with the IP addresses.

In one embodiment, a device in a network receives a path computation agent configured to determine a path in the network that satisfies an objective function. The device executes the path computation agent to update state information regarding the network maintained by the path computation agent. The device selects a neighbor of the device in the network to execute the path computation agent based on the updated state information regarding the network. The device instructs the selected neighbor to execute the path computation agent with the updated state information regarding the network. The device unloads the path computation agent from the device after selecting the neighbor of the device to execute the path computation agent.