Briefly, an embodiment comprises fabricating and/or uses of one or more zinc oxide crystals to form a transparent conductive structure.

A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) element includes at least one DSC, and the DSC includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an oxide semiconductor layer provided on the first electrode. The oxide semiconductor layer includes a light absorbing layer provided on the first electrode and a reflecting layer as a layer contacting a portion of a first surface of a side opposite to the first electrode among surfaces of the light absorbing layer and being arranged at a position farthest from the first electrode. The first surface of the light absorbing layer includes a second surface contacting the reflecting layer, and a surface area S.sub.1 of the first surface and a surface area S.sub.2 of the second surface satisfy the following formula:
0.7S.sub.2/S.sub.1<1
The reflecting layer is arranged in an inner side of the first surface of the light absorbing layer.

The present disclosure provides a process. In an embodiment, the process includes providing an aqueous pigment-polyolefin dispersion (P-P dispersion) and applying a grid-pattern of the aqueous P-P dispersion onto a rear encapsulant film. The process includes drying the grid-pattern into a grid layer to form a gridded rear encapsulant film. The process includes placing a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a front encapsulant film onto the gridded rear encapsulant film to form a stack, and laminating the stack to form a reflective photovoltaic (PV) module. The present disclosure also provides a reflective photovoltaic module produced by the process.

The disclosure is directed to a solar module comprising at least one photovoltaic cell arranged in an essentially planar photovoltaic layer. The photovoltaic layer is being arranged between a front face and a back face of the solar module and a camouflaging for angle dependent reduction of the visibility of the at least one photovoltaic cell for a predefined range of viewing angles with respect to the front face.

An X-ray detector according to the present disclosure comprises: a scintillator for converting incident X-rays into visible rays; a photoelectric conversion part, which is disposed below the scintillator and converts the visible rays into electrical signals; and a substrate disposed below the photoelectric conversion part, wherein the scintillator comprises a perovskite compound represented by the following chemical formula 1. [Chemical Formula 1] A.sub.3B.sub.2X.sub.5:Activator (In the chemical formula, A is a monovalent metal cation, B is a divalent metal cation, X is a monovalent anion, and the activator is thallium (Tl) or indium (In).)

A thermoelectric conversion device includes a reflecting member that has an opening portion through which radiant heat from a heat source passes, and a concave reflecting surface that reflects the radiant heat that has passed through the opening portion; a thermoelectric conversion member that converts heat into electric power; and a heat collector that is disposed between the reflecting member and the thermoelectric conversion member, and that is disposed such that at least a part of the heat collector faces the reflecting surface of the reflecting member. The heat collector includes a heat-collecting region that absorbs the radiant heat reflected by the reflecting surface of the reflecting member, and a heat transfer region that transfers the radiant heat absorbed by the heat-collecting region to the thermoelectric conversion member.

According to a main objective of the present invention, the three-dimensional arrangement of solar cells is adjusted so as to use sunlight directly coming from the sun mainly for solar power generation while transmitting wavelengths necessary for the growth of plants and reflecting wavelengths unnecessary for or hindering the growth of plants among wavelengths of sunlight passing through the solar cells to use the reflected wavelengths for additional solar power generation. Sunlight reflected by the dichroic optical filter may be used to additionally generate electricity using solar cells provided perpendicular to the dichroic optical filter, thereby maximizing the use efficiency of sunlight.

Semi-transparent solar modules for efficient generation of electrical energy as electricity-supplying and partially transparent canopies consisting of solar cells and functional layers alternately applied to glass and other optically transparent substrates, the functional layers being both partially transparent and scattering incident solar radiation, guiding it to the solar cells and for lighting purposes under the modules, and protecting agricultural crops and soils 10 from frost, drought and desiccation as well as heat and promoting plant growth.

Disclosed are a conductive member for connecting photovoltaic cells and a manufacturing method for the conductive member, and a photovoltaic module and a manufacturing method therefor. The conductive member comprises a first segment and a second segment in a length direction thereof, wherein the first segment and the second segment both have a planar contact surface; the second segment has a reflective surface facing away from a planar contact surface thereof; the first segment has a first cross section perpendicular to a length direction thereof; the second segment has a second cross section perpendicular to a length direction thereof; and the area of the first cross section is equal to the area of the second cross section.

A controlling device has at least a light-based energy harvesting system disposed within the controlling device housing. The light-based energy harvesting system is operative to supply power to at least one of a processing device and a transmitter of the controlling device. The light-based energy harvesting system includes s a substrate having a photovoltaic (PV) active area and a lens, separate from the substrate, disposed over the PV active area.