An electrode that comprises a nanostructured material that comprises pyrolyzed date palm leaves that are obtained from a pyrolysis of an agro-waste containing date palm leaves in an inert gas and in a temperature range of 800 to 1600 C., an electrochemical cell thereof, and a method of determining a hydroquinone concentration in a hydroquinone-containing solution with the electrochemical cell. Various combinations of embodiments are also provided.

The present invention relates to a two-stage process for production of drop-in fuels/alcohols (methanol, ethanol or butanol) from volatile fatty acids produced either synthetically from fossil resources or as metabolic intermediates in acidification step of anaerobic digestion process from waste biomass and organic materials.

The present invention provides a method for the production in an electrochemical cell of one or more of graphene, graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm, and graphane, wherein the cell comprises: (a) a negative electrode which is graphitic; (b) a positive electrode which may be graphitic or another material; and (c) an electrolyte selected from (i) an ionic liquid; (ii) a deep eutectic solvent; and (iii) a solid ionic conductor, optionally further comprising (iv) one or more ionic species, wherein the amount of (i), (ii) or (iii) and (iv) is greater than 50 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte; and wherein the electrolyte includes a mixture of different cations; and wherein the method comprises the step of passing a current through the cell to intercalate ions into the graphitic negative electrode so as to exfoliate the graphitic negative electrode.

The invention is a cathode arrangement comprising a cathode housing defining a space for cathode material and comprising a cathode housing wall being permeable to an electrolyte, and a collector member made of carbon, having a first end part extending into the space for cathode material and a second end part extending outside the space for cathode material, and cathode particles, having a cylindric shape with a diameter of 2-5 mm and being extruded from carbon, are arranged in the space for cathode material. The invention is, furthermore, an energy cell comprising the cathode arrangement, an arrangement for processing hydrogen gas comprising the cathode arrangement and use the energy cell applying seawater or salt water as an electrolyte. Furthermore, the invention is a method for manufacturing the cathode arrangement.

A method for the production of functionalised graphene and/or functionalised graphite nanoplatelet structures having a thickness of less than 100 nm in an electrochemical cell from graphite using a diazonium (RN2+) species. The graphite is exfoliated and contemporaneously functionalised.

A method of making NiO nanoparticles is described, as well as a method of using NiO nanoparticles as an electrocatalyst component to a porous carbon electrode. The carbon electrode may be made of carbonized filter paper. Together, this carbon-supported NiO electrode may be used for water electrolysis. Using a pamoic acid salt in the NiO nanoparticle synthesis leads to smaller and monodisperse nanoparticles, which support higher current densities.

Some examples of a method for manufacturing an electrode material for electrolytic hydrogen generation are described. Tungsten salt and nickel salt are mixed in a determined molar ratio on a carbon support by effectively controlling synthesis temperature and composition. Water and adsorbed oxygen, produced by mixing the tungsten salt and nickel salt are removed. Then, methane gas is flowed over the mixture resulting in the electrode material. The electrode material is suitable for use as a catalyst in electrolytic hydrogen generation processes, for example, at an industrial scale, to produce large quantities of hydrogen.

An electrode that comprises a nanostructured material that comprises pyrolyzed date palm leaves that are obtained from a pyrolysis of an agro-waste containing date palm leaves in an inert gas and in a temperature range of 800 to 1600 C., an electrochemical cell thereof, and a method of determining a hydroquinone concentration in a hydroquinone-containing solution with the electrochemical cell. Various combinations of embodiments are also provided.

The present invention relates to the use of complexes of water soluble porphyrins of formula (I). The present invention relates to water soluble porphyrins of formula (I), wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.11 and R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are as defined in claim 1, their iron complexes, use thereof as catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO.sub.2 into CO, electrochemical cells comprising them, and methods for reducing electrochemically CO.sub.2 into CO using said complexes or said electrochemical cells, thereby producing CO or syngas.

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Disclosed herein are methods and devices for performing electrochemical reduction of disulfide and related bonds in biochemical compositions such as proteins for improved bioconjugation reactions.