Techniques for virtual private network (VPN) services over optical networks. Client data is received from a source device connected to a first node in an optical communication network. The client data is for transmission over the optical communication network to a destination device connected to a second node in the optical communication network. The client data is transmitted from the source device to the destination device using a layer 2 (L2) virtual network connection between the source device and the destination device. This includes transmitting the client data from the first node to the second node over an optical transport network (OTN) path through the optical communication network using a frame. The second node is configured to receive the frame and transmit the client data to the destination device based on an identifier in the frame.

Some embodiments of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods for implementing discovery frames and group addressed frames communication. For example, some embodiments relate to a method including generating a first frame to be transmitted to a first electronic device. An association identifier (AID) value of the first frame is set to a first value to indicate that the first frame is an individually addressed frame addressed to the first electronic device. The method further includes generating a second frame to be transmitted to a group of one or more electronic devices. An AID value of the second frame is set to a second value different from the first value. The method also includes transmitting the first frame and the second frame.

Systems, methods, and related technologies for increasing data availability. The determining of one or more recommendations to improve classification may include accessing network traffic from a network and selecting an entity. One or more values associated with one or more properties associated with the entity may be determined. The one or more values may be accessed from the network traffic. The entity may be classified and in response to the classification meeting a condition, one or more properties that are unavailable in the network traffic may be determined. A data source associated with the one or more properties for which a value is not present in the network traffic may be determined and the data source associated with the one or more properties that are unavailable in the network traffic may be stored.

A method includes a second provider edge (PE) device sending, to a first PE device, a media access control (MAC) route learned from a customer edge (CE) device, wherein the first PE device generates a MAC forwarding entry based on the MAC route, wherein the first PE device may forward, based on the MAC forwarding entry using the CE device, a packet whose destination MAC address is the CE device or a MAC address of a terminal device accessing the CE device, and wherein an outbound interface identifier included in the MAC forwarding entry is an identifier of an interface connected to the CE device.

A server, includes a virtual machine identifier assigning section to assign an identifier of a virtual machine operating on the server; and a network interface to transmit a packet including a Layer 2 header information which includes the identifier of the virtual machine and a first packet field for a VLAN-Tag, wherein the network, interface transmits the packet to a packet encapsulate section which encapsulates a second packet field including the Layer 2 header information with a virtual network identifier representing a virtual network to which the virtual machine belongs.

A relay device, or a switch, in a ring network corrects connection information including (i) identification information of respective switches in the network and (ii) a connection order of other switches seen from a subject switch, by storing in a memory a switch ID table of the subject switch, which includes an ID of each of the other switches and a connection order of the other switches seen from the subject switch, for identifying an abnormal section of the network, for example. Each of the switches has a function that (i) generates anew ID for the restarted switch for generating a new ID table and (ii) causes the other switches to generate a respective new switch ID table, when detecting switch ID duplication among the switches or when restarting from a reset.

A method and system for providing location services at a network edge is described. An AP can receive location information associated with a second AP in a location group. The AP can also receive client location data from the second AP and associated with a first client. From at least the received client location data, the AP can determine a location of the first client. The AP can then send the location of the first client to a location service.

Systems and methods for allowing a subscriber to opt-out of targeted digital advertisements are provided. In one implementation, a mobile network operator operations support system server receives an input from a subscriber, the input comprising an account number and a stable network-level identifier. The server then causes a message to be sent to the mobile device along with a URL based on the input from the subscriber. The server receives a beacon that is generated when the subscriber visits the website, and sends a message to a mobile analytics platform server indicating a preference on whether the subscriber wants to receive targeted digital advertisements.

One embodiment of the invention features a system that includes a first virtual appliance and a second virtual appliance that support a transfer of content between an on-premises network and a public cloud network. Deployed as part of the on-premises network, the first virtual appliance translates a network address assigned to the content stored within a first non-transitory storage medium, which is associated with on-premises host residing within a first subnetwork of the on-premises network, to a temporary address associated with a second subnetwork. Deployed as part of the public cloud network, the second virtual appliance translates the temporary address back to the network address. The content, such as a software instance, is stored within a second non-transitory storage medium of the public cloud network with a network address identical to the network address used when stored within the first non-transitory storage medium pertaining to the on-premises network.

Approaches for dynamic assignment of a MAC address. An article of manufacture may comprise a non-volatile memory and a network element that comprises a CPU. The network element may be a remote PHY device, an Ethernet switch, a Remote MACPHY Device (RMD), a Passive Optical Network (PON) Optical Line Terminal (OLT), a Passive Optical Network (PON) Optical Network Unit (ONU), a Wi-Fi hot spot router, a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) device, an O-Ran device, or a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) routing device. A communication link exists between the CPU of the network element and the non-volatile memory of the article of manufacture. A module on the network element causes the network element to retrieve, across the communication link, at least one MAC address from the non-volatile memory of the remote PHY node and adopt a MAC address to identify itself any time that the article of manufacture reboots.