A computer system comprises cloud infrastructures including computers including a hypervisor manages a VM. The hypervisor includes a duplication correction virtual machine operating thereon, the duplication correction virtual machine controls communication of a duplication virtual machine to which a duplication MAC address assigned. Each of the cloud infrastructures includes a MAC address duplication monitoring module for monitoring duplication of the MAC address. The MAC address duplication monitoring module generates a translated MAC address in a case of detecting duplication of the MAC addresses; and transmits a duplication correction request including the translated MAC address to one of the computers on which the duplication virtual machine operates. The duplication correction virtual machine generates translation information in a case of receiving the duplication correction request, and controls communication between the duplication virtual machine and another virtual machine by using the translation information.

A network element includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the network element to: designate a first user plane function, from among the plurality of user plane functions, as a designated broadcast forwarder from which to receive broadcast control traffic, and receive the broadcast control traffic forwarded from the first user plane function, from among the plurality of user plane functions.

In an example, a failure event is detected in a network, where the failure event is indicative of a network outage in a network device or a peer network device of an MC-LAG. The network device and the peer network device may be configured as a first VTEP in an overlay network. It may be determined that reprovisioning of virtual tunnels in the network device is incomplete. State parameters between the network device and the peer network device is synchronized. The set of virtual tunnels in the network device is provisioned based on the state parameters. After completion of provisioning of the virtual tunnels, an IP address of the first VTEP is published to underlay network devices connecting the first VTEP to a second VTEP over an underlay network. Subsequently, communication links between the MC-LAG and a host device is enabled.

A method for communication between nodes, where the method includes: constructing, by a first Layer 3 node, a link local control frame; adding, by the first Layer 3 node, a destination group Media Access Control (MAC) address to the link local control frame, wherein the destination group MAC address is outside a block of destination group MAC addresses assigned for Ethernet bridging purposes; and transmitting, by the first Layer 3 node, the link local control frame to a second Layer 3 node.

Example methods and apparatus to recognize metered devices connected to proprietary WiFi extenders are disclosed herein. In some examples, a first device comprising at least one memory including a table, and at least one processor to broadcast a first message to a network extender, the first message including a first address associated with a second device and a message identifier, identify, in response to obtaining a second message including the message identifier, a second address embedded on a data link layer of the second message, and store the second address in the table in association with the second device.

Systems and techniques are provided for synchronizing DHCP snoop information. In some examples, a method can include, performing, by a first PE device from a plurality of PE devices, DHCP snooping of a first plurality of DHCP messages between a DHCP client and a DHCP server, wherein the plurality of PE devices is part of an ethernet segment for multihoming the DHCP client. In some aspects, the method includes determining, based on snooping the first plurality of DHCP messages, an association between an IP address corresponding to the DHCP client and a MAC address corresponding to the DHCP client. In some examples, the method includes sending, by the first PE device to at least one other PE device from the plurality of PE devices, a first route advertisement that includes the association between the IP address corresponding to the DHCP client and the MAC address corresponding to the DHCP client.

Some embodiments of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods for implementing discovery frames and group addressed frames communication. For example, some embodiments relate to a method including generating a first frame to be transmitted to a first electronic device. An association identifier (AID) value of the first frame is set to a first value to indicate that the first frame is an individually addressed frame addressed to the first electronic device. The method further includes generating a second frame to be transmitted to a group of one or more electronic devices. An AID value of the second frame is set to a second value different from the first value. The method also includes transmitting the first frame and the second frame.

A base station may include one or more processors and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the base station to perform a process. The process may include sending, to a wireless device, a radio resource control (RRC) message comprising at least one packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) configuration parameter indicating Ethernet header compression for a data radio bearer. The method may also include sending, to the wireless device, information associated with the Ethernet header compression. The information may include a source medium access control (MAC) address and a destination MAC address, as well as a header compression index corresponding to the source MAC address and the destination MAC address. The process may further include sending, to the wireless device, a compressed Ethernet packet comprising a packet header being compressed and the corresponding header compression index.

Systems and methods for in-line TCP processing using a systolic array. For example, data received for storage is processed in-line prior to encryption and/or sending to a remote storage device (e.g., cloud storage or server).

Embodiments of the present disclosure relates to a method and an entity for transmitting a plurality of media access control, MAC, addresses. A method performed at a first entity for transmitting a plurality of media access control, MAC, addresses, comprises: transmitting (S101), to a second entity, a message including a first parameter and a second parameter. The first parameter and the second parameter indicate the plurality of MAC addresses. The plurality of MAC addresses may comprise a plurality of source MAC addresses; and/or a plurality of destination MAC addresses. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a plurality of MAC addresses may be simultaneously transmitted among the nodes in the communication network, and thus the efficiency of the communication network may be further improved.