An electrochemical conversion method for converting at least a portion of a first mixture comprising hydrocarbon to C.sub.2+ unsaturates by repeatedly applying an electric potential difference, V(.sub.1), to a first electrode of an electrochemical cell during a first time interval .sub.1; and reducing the electric potential difference, V(.sub.1), to a second electric potential difference, V(.sub.2), for a second time interval .sub.2, wherein .sub.2.sub.1. The method is beneficial, among other things, for reducing coke formation in the electrochemical production of C.sub.2+ unsaturates in an electrochemical cell. Accordingly, a method of reducing coke formation in the electrochemical conversion of such mixtures and a method for electrochemically converting carbon to C.sub.2+ unsaturates as well as an apparatus for such methods are also provided.

In one aspect, nanoparticles for ethanol oxidation are described herein, which comprise a core including at least one Group IB metal and a shell disposed over the core, wherein the shell comprises islands of alloyed platinum group metals. In another aspect, an electrode is described herein, which in some embodiments, comprises a substrate and electrocatalytic nanoparticles deposited over the substrate. In some embodiments, the electrode described herein further comprises a layer of carbon nanoparticles positioned between the substrate and the electrocatalytic nanoparticles. In yet another aspect, a method of ethanol oxidation is described herein. In some embodiments, such a method comprises (i) providing an electrode comprising a substrate and electrocatalytic nanoparticles deposited over the substrate, (ii) disposing the electrode in an alkaline medium comprising ethanol; and (iii) oxidizing the ethanol with the electrode.

A method for manufacturing a palladium coated doped metal oxide conducting electrode including immersing a metal oxide conducting electrode into an aqueous solution having a palladium precursor salt to form the metal oxide conducting electrode having at least one surface coated with palladium precursor. To form a layer of palladium nanoparticles on the metal oxide conducting electrode the palladium precursor on the metal oxide conducting is reduced with a borohydride compound. The palladium nanoparticles on the metal oxide conducting electrode have an average diameter of 8 nm to 22 nm and are present on the surface of the metal oxide conducting electrode at a density from 1.510.sup.3 Pd.Math.nm.sup.2 to 3.510.sup.3 Pd.Math.nm.sup.2.

A method for manufacturing a palladium coated doped metal oxide conducting electrode including immersing a metal oxide conducting electrode into an aqueous solution having a palladium precursor salt to form the metal oxide conducting electrode having at least one surface coated with palladium precursor. To form a layer of palladium nanoparticles on the metal oxide conducting electrode the palladium precursor on the metal oxide conducting is reduced with a borohydride compound. The palladium nanoparticles on the metal oxide conducting electrode have an average diameter of 8 nm to 22 nm and are present on the surface of the metal oxide conducting electrode at a density from 1.510.sup.3 Pd.Math.nm.sup.2 to 3.510.sup.3 Pd.Math.nm.sup.2.

Provided herein are methods of fluorinating organic compounds. The electrochemical fluorination and radiofluorination of organic molecules using the cation pool technique is described, where the 18F and/or 19F-fluorine ions are added after the process of electrochemical oxidation, i.e., after formation of a carbocationic organic compound (i.e., a compound having a carbon atom with a positive charge).

A composition including copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, wherein the composition has a carbon content of less than 7 weight percent, based on a total weight of the copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate.

This invention concerns a method for the production of at least a furanic compound having at least one aldehyde function and electrical power, by oxidizing at least a furanic compound having at least one hydroxyl function.

An aromatic dicarboxylic acid of chemical formula HOOCAr.sup.1COOH is prepared in a process wherein a feedstock comprising at least an aromatic aldehyde compound of chemical formula (1): OHCAr.sup.1COOH, wherein Ar.sup.1 represents an arylene or heteroarylene moiety, and an aqueous electrolyte are provided; the feedstock and the aqueous electrolyte are introduced into an electrolytic cell comprising electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises a non-noble metal and/or an oxide and/or a hydroxide thereof and/or carbon; and the aromatic aldehyde compound of formula (1) is oxidized electrochemically to yield the aromatic dicarboxylic acid.

Disclosed is an electrochemical method for continuous regeneration of a Pt.sup.IV oxidant to furnish overall electrochemical methane oxidation. Cl-adsorbed Pt electrodes catalyze facile oxidation of Pt.sup.II to Pt.sup.IV without concomitant methanol oxidation. Exploiting this electrochemistry, the Pt.sup.II/IV ratio in solution is maintained via in situ monitoring of the solution potential coupled with dynamic modulation of the electric current. Remarkably, this method leads to sustained methane oxidation catalysis with 70% selectivity for methanol.

The invention is directed to a method for producing lactate. The method of the invention comprises electrochemically oxidising a catalyst at an anode, and using oxidised catalyst to oxidise propylene glycol and form lactate, thereby reducing the said oxidised catalyst.