The desorbing process of the present disclosure includes a step of bringing a solution containing a hydrogenated aromatic compound, at least one of [P((CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3).sub.3((CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3) (5m24, 13n24)].sup.+ and [N((CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3).sub.3((CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3) (5m24, 13n24)].sup.+, and an anion into contact with an anode; and desorbing hydrogen from the hydrogenated aromatic compound.

A hydrogel is formed by a reaction which is induced, in an electrolytic solution, by an electrode product electrochemically generated by electrodes installed in the electrolytic solution. An apparatus including an electrolytic tank with a bottom surface on which a two-dimensional array of working electrodes is provided and a counter electrode installed in the electrolytic tank is prepared. An electrolytic solution containing a dissolved substance that causes electrolytic deposition of a hydrogel is housed in the electrolytic tank. By applying a predetermined voltage to one or more selected working electrodes of the two-dimensional array, a hydrogel with a two-dimensional pattern corresponding to the arrangement of the selected working electrodes is formed.

A process for treating a dicarboxylic acid composition, with the proviso that the dicarboxylic acid is not furan 2,5-dicarboxylic acid, which process comprises: introducing a dicarboxylic acid composition, which dicarboxylic acid composition contains an impurity compound and which impurity compound is an organic compound comprising a carbonyl group, into a cathode compartment of an electrochemical cell; and electrochemically reducing the impurity compound in the cathode compartment.

The present disclosure provides devices and methods of using same for cleansing a solution (e.g., a salt or used dialysis solution) of urea via electrooxidation, and more specifically to cleansing a renal therapy solution/dialysis solution of urea via electrooxidation so that the renal therapy solution/dialysis solution can be used or reused for treatment of a patient. In an embodiment, a device for the removal of urea from a fluid having urea to produce a cleansed fluid includes a urea decomposition unit and an electrodialysis unit.

Provided is an electrochemical reaction method that includes: immersing an anode and a cathode into a solution that includes azide ion (N.sub.3.sup.), an alkene, and a transition metal catalyst; passing a current through the anode; and forming a diazide from the alkene. Related systems are also provided.

An electrochemical reaction device comprises: an anode to oxidize water and thus generate oxygen; an electrolytic solution flow path facing on the anode and through which a first electrolytic solution containing the water flows; a a cathode to reduce carbon dioxide and thus generate a carbon compound; a separator between the anode and the cathode; a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode; and a flow path plate including a first flow path facing on the cathode and through which the carbon dioxide flows and a second flow path facing on the cathode and through which at least one of a second electrolytic solution and the carbon dioxide flows.

A process for treating a furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid composition, which process comprises: introducing a furan-2,5-di-carboxylic acid composition, which furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid composition contains an impurity compound and which impurity compound is 5-formyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid, into a cathode compartment of an electrochemical cell; and electrochemically reducing the impurity compound in the cathode compartment.

A carboxylic acid-containing composition, which composition contains an aldehyde, is purified in a process, which process comprises introducing the carboxylic acid-containing composition and an aqueous electrolyte into an electrolytic cell comprising electrodes; electrochemically oxidizing the aldehyde in the electrolytic cell to obtain an electrochemically oxidized product composition comprising a carboxylic acid derived from the aldehyde; and, optionally, separating carboxylic acid from the electrochemically oxidized product composition.

A photoexcitable material includes: a solid solution of MN (where M is at least one of gallium, aluminum and indium) and ZnO, wherein the photoexcitable material includes 30 to 70 mol % ZnO and has a band gap energy of 2.20 eV or less.

An electrochemical method for CC coupling a phenol and an aniline in a reaction vessel containing a suitable solvent or solvent mixture and a conductive salt to produce biaryls having both hydroxyl and amino functions, wherein the difference in the oxidation potentials E of the substrates ranges from 10 mV to 450 mV and the substrate with the highest oxidation potential is in excess, which method dispenses with multi-step syntheses using metallic reagents.