There is disclosed an electrode array architecture employing continuous and discontinuous circumferential electrodes. There is further disclosed a process for the neutralization of acid generated at anode(s) by base generated at cathode(s) circumferentially located to each other so as to confine a region of pH change. The cathodes can be displayed as concentric rings (continuous) or as counter electrodes in a cross pattern (discontinuous). In this way reagents, such as acid, generated in a center electrode are countered (neutralized) by reagents, such as base, generated at the corners or at the outer ring.

The disclosure generally relates to compositions and methods for the production of nucleic acid molecules. In some aspects, the invention allows for the microscale generation of nucleic acid molecules, optionally followed by assembly of these nucleic acid molecules into larger molecules. In some aspects, the invention allows for efficient production of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., large nucleic acid molecules such as genomes).

There is disclosed an electrode array architecture employing continuous and discontinuous circumferential electrodes. There is further disclosed a process for the neutralization of acid generated at anode(s) by base generated at cathode(s) circumferentially located to each other so as to confine a region of pH change. The cathodes can be displayed as concentric rings (continuous) or as counter electrodes in a cross pattern (discontinuous). In this way reagents, such as acid, generated in a center electrode are countered (neutralized) by reagents, such as base, generated at the corners or at the outer ring.

An electrochemical method for CC coupling a phenol and an aniline in a reaction vessel containing a suitable solvent or solvent mixture and a conductive salt to produce biaryls having both hydroxyl and amino functions, wherein the difference in the oxidation potentials E of the substrates ranges from 10 mV to 450 mV and the substrate with the highest oxidation potential is in excess, which method dispenses with multi-step syntheses using metallic reagents.

The invention relates to a method, a device and a system for producing particularly a hydrogel (200) and for controlling an enzymatically catalyzed formation of a covalent bond in a solution, wherein said covalent bond is formed between a first compound (20) comprising a first moiety (21) and a second compound (22) comprising a second moiety (23), wherein the first and the second moiety (21, 23) are a substrate of an enzyme wherein said enzyme catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond between the first and the second moiety (21, 23), and wherein a voltage is applied to the solution for spatially controlling said formation, wherein said voltage is adjusted such that it induces electrolysis of said solution.

Alcohols are prepared by electrochemical reductive coupling of an aromatic vinyl compound and a carbonyl compound in a process which comprises electrolyzing an electrolyte solution in an electrochemical cell, the electrolyte solution comprising the aromatic vinyl compound, the carbonyl compound and a non-aqueous protic solvent, such as methanol, wherein the electrolyte solution is in contact with a carbon-based cathode. Styrene is reacted with acetone to prepare 2-methyl-4-phenyl-2-butanol.

Molten salt electrolytes are described for use in electrochemical synthesis of hydrocarbons from carboxylic acids. The molten salt electrolyte can be used to synthesize a wide variety of hydrocarbons with and without functional groups that have a broad range of applications. The molten salt can be used to synthesize saturated hydrocarbons, diols, alkylated aromatic compounds, as well as other types of hydrocarbons. The molten salt electrolyte increases the selectivity, yield, the energy efficiency and Coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical conversion of carboxylic acids to hydrocarbons while reducing the cell potential required to perform the oxidation.

Devices and methods that can detect and control an individual polymer in a mixture is acted upon by another compound, for example, an enzyme, in a nanopore are provided. The devices and methods also determine (?>50 Hz) the nucleotide base sequence of a polynucleotide under feedback control or using signals generated by the interactions between the polynucleotide and the nanopore. The invention is of particular use in the fields of molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, molecular switches, molecular circuits, and molecular computational devices, and the manufacture thereof.

A process for producing glycerol carbonate can include providing an electrolyte including CO.sub.2 and glycerol in an electrochemical reaction unit, and applying an electrochemical potential between an anode and a cathode immersed in the electrolyte to electrochemically transform the CO.sub.2 and glycerol into glycerol carbonate. Providing reduced viscosity and/or certain temperature conditions can advantageously enhance production. The CO.sub.2 can be supplied via a CO.sub.2-loaded stream obtained from an absorption reactor, or as a gas phase, into the electrochemical reaction unit. The resulting reaction mixture can be processed by solvent extraction of the glycerol carbonate, while the recovered glycerol can be recycled for reuse in electrochemical reactions. Systems including an electrochemical reaction unit, an extractor, an optional absorption reactor, an optional water removal unit, and an optional CO.sub.2 gas recycle assembly, is also described.

The present disclosure provides methods of activating an enzyme, such as error prone or template independent polymerase, using electricity to alter pH of a reaction zone and reaction site from an inactivating pH at which the enzyme is inactive to an activating pH at which the enzyme is active to add a nucleotide to an initiator or growing polymer chain. The activating pH can then be changed back to an inactivating pH and the process repeated as many times as desired to produce a target nucleic acid sequence.